Where are the Tatars from in Siberia? Siberian Tatars are the guardians of the culture of the Siberian peoples. Groups and subgroups
SIBERIAN TATARS(Khatan, Turali, Nogai, Tyn, Tsat; self-names – Sibirtar, Sibirtatarlar), group Tatars Western Siberia. Number of up to 500 thousand people. (2010, census). They speak Siberian-Tatar language, Tatar and Russian languages. Believers are Sunni Muslims.
Includes territorial groups: Tobol-Irtysh on the rivers Irtysh, Tobol, Iset, Tura, Pyshma, Tavda, Noska, Laima in the Tyumen and Omsk regions (Iskero-Tobol, Yaskolbin, Aremzyan-Nadtsin, Babasan, Ishtyak-Tokuz, Tyumen, Turin and Verkhneturinsky, Yalutorovsky, Koshuksky, Tabarinsky, Kurdaksky, Sargato-Utuzsky, Tara, etc.); Tomsk (Eushta, Chat, Temerchin) along the Ob and Tom rivers in the Tomsk, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions and Barabintsy. There were tribes: among the Tar, Kurdak and Sargato-Utuz Tatars - Ayals, Turals, Kaurdak, Sart, Sargach, Tav, Otuz, Tav-Otuz, Ya-Irtysh, Tebendu, Tunus, Lunuy, Lyubay, etc.; among the Yaskolbinskys - yusha, konu, heron, kas, tsele, torna, etc.; among the Tomsk ones there are Yaushtalar, Kalmaklar, Tsattyr, Tsatskan, Az-Kyshtym, etc. They are settled interspersed with the Russians. The old-timers Siberian Tatars (Russian tsaldons, Volga-Tatar kurchaklar - “puppeteers”, i.e., worshiping images of ancestors) differ from the settlers of the 19th–20th centuries. from the Volga region and the Urals (kazanu, self-propelled vehicles) and Central Asia and Kazakhstan (buharlyk, Uzbeks, sarts). Volga-Ural Tatars form compact groups in Kemerovo (Mariinsky Siberian Tatars), Tomsk (Zyryansko-Krivosheinsky and Kolpashevo-Chainsky) and Tyumen (Sorokinsky) regions.
The Siberian Tatars included Ob Ugrians And Samoyed peoples, mixed with Turkic ones (in the 5th–8th centuries - Turks, body, Kyrgyz Yenisei, from 9th–10th centuries. – kimaki, Kipchaks, Uighurs, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Turkmens, Karakalpaks, from the 16th century. - Kazan Tatars, Mishars, Bashkirs) and from the 13th century. – with Mongolian groups. In the 15th century Tobolsk Tatars formed the core Khanate of Siberia, in the 2nd half. 16th century spread to the lands of the Yaskolbinsky, Tyumen, Tarsky, Kurdak and Sargato-Utuz Tatars in the lower reaches of the Tobol and along the Irtysh and its tributaries from Tobol to Om; during the reign of Khan Kuchuma The Barabins and Chats (Barabinskaya steppe, upper reaches of the Om, Kargat and Chulym) were also subordinated. Tomsk Tatars obeyed Kyrgyz Yenisei; in the 17th century they included groups Teleuts(Kalmaks). In the 17th–18th centuries. Tyumen-Turin Siberian Tatars moved to the south, forming the Yalutorovsk group. Along the Ob, below and above the Tom, lived the Ob Tatars (Shegar, Temerchin, Provsko-Sorgulin and Chernomyss groups), by the 20th century. assimilated.
Traditional occupations are nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding, arable farming, semi-sedentary hunting and fishing. The dwelling was heated by a stove or stove; There are bunks along the walls. Women's headdresses are typical: a headband embroidered with gold and galloon (sarautz, saraoch), a cap (kalfak), the Siberian Tomsk Tatars have a winter hat (tagiya) with a fur trim; shoes (shoes, boots-ichegi) with mosaic patterns. The main food is barley flour (talkan), flatbreads (kattama), noodles, pies with meat and fish (balish), open pies (paramech), dough fried in oil (baursak), dairy products (cream - kaymak, butter - mai, unleavened cheese - pashlak, sour cheese - kurut, etc.), fish, horse meat, sausages (kazy, tutyrma), pilaf, etc.; drinks - kumiss, ayran, vodka made from mare's milk (arak), oatmeal mash (buza). Musical creativity combines Siberian, Kazan, Mishar and Central Asian traditions. The epics (“Ak Kobek”, “Kara Kukel”, “Edige”, “Kuchum Khan”, “Kuzy Kurpe”, “Buz Eget”), and ritual songs are preserved; musical instruments – pipe (kuray), harp (kobyz), two-string bow, tambourine.
Siberian Tatars appeared in Russian Federation quite a long time ago. They occupied part of the territory of Siberia even before the arrival of the Slavic tribes and were divided into groups that are now called Tomsk, Tobol-Irtysh and Barabinsk.
Story
Historians disagree about when the Siberian Tatars appeared and who their ancestors were. A number of scientists believe that these could be the ancient Turks or Kipchaks. Evidence from the 9th century has survived to this day, indicating that the Kimak people lived on the territory of the Tomsk region, whose descendants were the Kipchaks. Next, a rather complex formation of different ethnic groups took place, among which were the Bashkirs, Mishars, Bukharan-Uzbeks, Turkmen and others.
The Siberian Tatars managed to create a khanate, the center of which was Chingi-Tura. It was located on the territory of the Tyumen region. Presumably the formation of the Khanate took place in the 14th century. Before him, Batu Khan ruled here. By the beginning of the 16th century, the Siberian Khanate was formed, and the result was the formation of the Siberian Tatars in the 16th century. Formation took place in conditions of disunity, the constant threat of war with neighbors, in difficult climatic conditions, which affected the way of life of the people.
Character
Siberian Tatars believe that the Tatar ethnic group is one. Mosaicism only decorates the culture and makes it more diverse. Note that the word “Siberia” arose in the 5th century AD. The Tatars used this word to mean a blizzard. A remarkable fact is the use of the name purely in relation to the ethnic group. Only after the 13th century did they begin to call the territory of residence. Surprisingly, the Iranians were among the first to use the word “Siberia”.
The Russians arrived here as conquerors sent by Ivan the Third. By the end of the 16th century, the Cossacks found themselves here. All this, together with the formation of places for regular exile, forms the Russian-Siberian gene pool. However, according to the notes of the Siberian Tatars themselves, history not only did not change, but only strengthened their character. They remain persistent, patient, and enduring.
The most important feature of the Siberian Tatars, as well as of Siberians in general, is independence. From childhood they are taught to lead household, men master crafts, including hunting, from a young age. A Siberian Tatar must be sincere, tolerant, and complacent. Negative attitude towards stinginess, immaturity and laziness. If the Siberian Tatar has done all his work, but evening has not yet come, then it’s time to help his neighbors and friends.
From here another quality is formed - the desire to come to the rescue.
Siberian Tatars are considered more hospitable than Russian Siberians, who are not often willing to receive guests. Tatars as an ethnic group are characterized by a commitment to family. Divorces are rare, people have friendly families and often spend time together. By nature, Siberian Tatars consider themselves excellent traders.
Their disposition is quite peaceful, but even if such a person gets angry, he will still think about what he wants to say before he begins to speak.
Culture
The culture of the Siberian Tatars was influenced by Islam and the beliefs of the Siberian Turks. Therefore, the people borrowed many names and material culture from outside. Siberian-Tatar villages are named after rivers and founders.
Funeral rites are of particular importance for the Tatars. The best dresses are prepared for the deceased, and coffins are made from wood. It is imperative to put tobacco, the person’s favorite things during life, and wine in the grave. The coffin cannot be carried; it must be placed on a sleigh and tied tightly, then the deceased must be taken to the burial place. Preparation of the grave begins only after the coffin is in the cemetery itself. After the funeral, a memorial ceremony is held.
- When children are born, it is customary to shoot in the air, which promises the baby to become an excellent shooter. The name can be given differently, for example, associated with some objects or animals;
- Due to their adherence to Islam, Siberian Tatars use mosques to conduct services. They build them from wooden log house. A traditional building for commercial and residential purposes is the hut. It is interesting that wooden construction has always been held in high esteem by the Siberian Tatars;
- Even around the graves, fences made of logs were installed, and directly at the burial site, a pillar with a crescent was placed on a man’s grave, and two pillars on a woman’s grave;
- Before the beginning of the influence of the Islamic faith, houses were richly decorated with ornaments depicting birds and animals. The interior decoration was sparse;
- People slept on bunks, covering them with feather beds called tushek. This is a rather warm type of feather bed, which is made from bird feathers. It is comfortable to sleep under them in winter and summer;
- An invariable piece of furniture among the Siberian Tatars has always been a chest where utensils and belongings can be stored;
- Only the rich could have cabinets, chairs, and other furniture. Ordinary people they allowed themselves bunks and small tables. Now material culture has undergone many changes thanks to the opportunity to acquire the benefits of modern civilization and well-established transport links, so more and more furniture began to appear in Tatar homes.
And the Siberian Tatars themselves can live in apartment buildings thanks to construction in the region. In traditional houses, Meyets stoves have been preserved, which are used for cooking and heating the room. There is also a cellar that allows you to store meat, since the temperature in this part of the room is always negative.
Despite the influence of civilization, Siberian Tatars still strive to make buildings from wood, but the ethnic flavor is gradually becoming a thing of the past.
Life
Siberian Tatars are mainly engaged in cattle breeding. For a long time, they raised horses, various types of cattle, and in rare cases, camels. Sheep were bred a lot, which made it possible to obtain a large amount of wool for their own needs and for sale. Fishing and hunting are developed, as is haymaking. The main fish caught are crucian carp, and during hunting they shoot elk and roe deer.
Siberian Tatars hand-sewed sheepskin coats and made shoes from the wool of livestock. Pillows and feather beds were made from down and feathers. Goat down has always been valued as the basis for making shawls. People process flax, from which they sew nets intended for fishing. Boats, sleighs, skis are made from willow, different types dishes.
Traditions
The traditions of the Siberian Tatars have changed greatly due to the influence of Islam. However, some festivals are still celebrated.
- For example, the Eastern New Year Amal, which came from the Turks, is still celebrated during the spring equinox. It is partly connected with Islam, but does not directly relate to it. During the holiday, people eat as a group, give gifts and play games.
- The Karga Butka holiday is no longer celebrated, although it was previously considered sacred. He was associated with ravens and rooks, which were considered sacred birds. Upon the arrival of the rooks, people collected cereals and began to cook porridge, which they then ate throughout the village.
- If the summer turns out to be dry, the Siberian Tatars resort to prayer for rain. This ritual is similar to many associated with prayers for the sending of the harvest.
- Among the traditions of the Siberian Tatars, the veneration of Sufi sheikhs has been preserved. It is believed that it was they who brought Islam to the people. Sheikhs are buried in special graves called “astana”. A guardian is assigned to each such grave to guard it and ensure its proper condition. Anyone passing by Astana is required to stop and read prayers, then hand over the reward. The reward is shared not only with the deceased, but also with the relatives of the sheikh.
- Very important role For the Tatars, tugum was played, which is a community with several families, which was a semblance of a clan, because to form a tugum there must be one ancestor. Tugum regulated economic and household relations, controlled the observance of rituals, and occupied an important position in religious life. Also, previously there were community-volosts, communities-villages, dealing with relevant matters regarding the use of the economy and fiscal policy.
The ethnicity of the Siberian Tatars requires close study. So far, scientists do not know exactly the detailed history of origin. Therefore, there remains little information on this matter. However, we know for sure that the Siberian Tatars have signs of an established people, including literature, language, a special way of life and adherence to traditions.
In the 8th century, a state arose in the Middle Volga and Kama region, whose inhabitants called themselves Bulgars. For a long time this country coexisted peacefully with Russia. Tatarstan is the name of the republic, now located on the site of Volga Bulgaria.
But not all residents of Kazan and its neighboring cities agree with the ethnonym “Tatars”. Many people, remembering their historical heritage, consider themselves Bulgars - the descendants of an ancient people who founded more than one state.
Who are the Bulgars?
There is still debate among scientists about the origin of the Bulgars (Bulgarians - depends on the pronunciation). Some ethnographers and historians classify these people as the descendants of the Turkic-speaking tribes of Central Asia. Other experts have no doubt that the Bulgars were an Iranian-speaking people and lived in historical region, which the Greeks called Bactria. And the inhabitants of these places themselves, located to the west of the Hindu Kush mountain system, called their country Balhara, which is how some scientists explain the emergence of the ethnonym.
The era of the great migration of peoples set many tribes in motion, including the Bulgars. In search of better lands, they went west. In the 4th century, this people settled in the steppes of the Northern Black Sea region, also occupying the lands of the North Caucasus up to the Caspian Sea. The life of the Bulgars was turbulent; they were periodically attacked by the Huns, Avars, and various Turkic-speaking tribes.
Like many other peoples whose lands bordered the superpower of that time - Byzantine Empire– the Bulgars were forced to build diplomatic relations with their powerful neighbor. Even their legendary ruler, Khan Kubrat (605-665), was brought up in Constantinople. The Byzantines often forced the heads of neighboring states to give them their heirs in order to keep them at the imperial court as hostages, and at the same time instill in future rulers their own spiritual values.
In the history of every nation there is a person whose decisions determine the fate of the entire country. For the Bulgars, such a person was Khan Kubrat. In 632 he founded a state that the Byzantines called Great Bulgaria. According to some researchers, its territories covered the Eastern Azov region and Kuban, while other experts believe that the lands of the Bulgars extended from the Southern Bug to the Stavropol Upland.
However, after the death of the legendary founder, the state fell apart, divided by his sons. The eldest of them, whose name was Batbayan, remained in the Azov region with part of the people. His Brother Kotrag led his people to the Don steppes. Another group of Bulgars, led by Altsek, after long journeys settled in the Italian Ravenna area.
Under the leadership of the third son of Khan Kubrat, whose name was Asparukh, part of the people moved to the Danube. They founded modern Bulgaria, subsequently experiencing the strong influence of local Slavic tribes. Like many of Byzantium's allies, the Bulgarians converted to Christianity. This happened in 865.
Volga Bulgaria
The Bulgars who remained in the Azov region faced frequent raids by the warlike Khazars. In search of a new refuge, they moved to the territory of modern Tatarstan. Volga Bulgaria was founded in the second half of the 8th century.
For its time it was an advanced state. The Bulgars became the first European people to master the technology of making steel and smelting cast iron. And the fame of local leather craftsmen spread to Iran and Central Asia. Already in the 9th century, having gained a foothold in new lands, these people began to build stone palaces.
Thanks to their favorable location, the Bulgars established trade with Russia, Scandinavia, the Baltic states, and Byzantium. Goods were transported mainly along the Volga. The Bulgars also established economic ties with their eastern neighbors. Caravans from China, India and Persia regularly arrived here.
In 922, Islam became the official religion of Volga Bulgaria, spreading to these lands along with preachers from the Baghdad Caliphate. It so happened that the Danube Bulgars declared themselves Christians, and the Volga Bulgars declared themselves Muslims. The once united people were divided by religion.
The first capital of the state was the city of Bulgar, and in the 12th century Bilyar became the official center of the country. Kazan, founded in 1005, did not yet have capital status.
In the 13th century, Volga Bulgaria was captured by the Mongols. The once powerful and independent state turned into one of the provinces of the Golden Horde. From that moment on, the gradual displacement of the ethnonym “Bulgars” began.
Khanate of Kazan
After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Bulgars had hope of regaining statehood. In 1438, on the territory of modern Tatarstan, the Bulgarian vilayat was formed, which in Rus' was called the Kazan Khanate. But the head of this state was no longer the Bulgars, but the descendants of the legendary conqueror Genghis Khan. One of the Horde khans, whose name was Ulug-Mukhammed (Ulu-Mukhammed), together with his army captured Kazan and founded a ruling dynasty there.
In the second half of the 15th century, the Kazan Khanate occupied the entire Middle Volga and the Kama River basin, including the lands of the Bashkirs, Chuvash, Mordovians, Cheremis and Votyaks. In addition to Kazan, there were many large cities: Bulgar, Alat, Kashan, Archa, Dzhuketau, Zyuri, Iske-Kazan, Tetyushi and Laesh. And the total population exceeded 400 thousand people.
The ethnonym “Bulgars” began to be gradually forgotten; people more often called themselves “Kazanli” (Kazanians) or simply on religious grounds - Muslims. Perhaps the aristocratic elite of the Khanate, who did not belong to the Bulgars, were interested in their subjects quickly forgetting about their nationality, customs and traditions.
In the 16th century, Kazan began to feel the increasing influence of Moscow. Russian princes repeatedly tried to place a person loyal to them on the throne of a neighboring state. After numerous strife, military skirmishes and political intrigues, in 1552 the Khanate was captured by the troops of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible. Kazan officially became part of Rus'. From that moment on, the ethnonym “Bulgars” was completely lost.
Who are the Tatars?
Tatars are a Turkic-speaking people living primarily in Russia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. For the first time, representatives of some Manchu-Mongolian tribes who roamed the Baikal region in the 6th-9th centuries began to call themselves this way. It is clear that these people had absolutely nothing to do with the Bulgars. They joined Genghis Khan's campaigns of conquest. That is why the Russians called the Horde people Mongol-Tatars.
Subsequently, the ethnonym “Tatars” spread to many peoples, often having nothing in common with each other. This is how some ethnic groups that were previously part of the Golden Horde began to be called. Therefore, a historical paradox arose: the descendants of the Bulgars, conquered by the Mongols in the 13th century, are now called by the name of their invaders.
As genetic studies have shown, Kazan, Crimean, Astrakhan and Siberian Tatars are representatives of different nationalities. They do not have common ancestors, and their ethnogenesis occurred independently of each other. This fact may explain why the languages of, for example, the Kazan and Astrakhan Tatars are so different from each other that people simply do not understand each other.
When examining the Kazan Tatars, geneticists discovered their undoubted relationship with the inhabitants of Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean. And the contribution of immigrants from Central Asia to the ethnogenesis of the population of modern Tatarstan is only 1-6% (depending on the region). Still, mixed marriages with the Horde occurred among the Bulgars, although quite rarely.
Many indigenous residents of modern Kazan do not agree with being called Tatars. Not surprising. After all, it’s almost the same thing if the Russians were confused with the Germans.
A number of non-Muslim peoples of Siberia (Khakas, Shors, Teleuts) to this day use the term “Tadar” as a self-designation, although they are not considered part of the Tatar nation and do not recognize themselves as such.
- Tobol-Irtysh (includes swamp (Yaskolbinsky), Tobol-Babasan, Kurdak-Sargat, Tara, Tobolsk and Tyumen-Turin Yaskolbinsky Tatars);
- Barabinskaya (includes Barabinsk-Turazh, Lyubey-Tunus and Terenin-Choy Tatars);
- Tomsk (includes Kalmaks, Chats and Eushtins).
Territory of residence and number
Siberian Tatars historically lived on the vast plains east of the Ural Mountains to the Yenisei River in steppe, forest-steppe and forest zones. The original villages of the Siberian Tatars are located interspersed with villages of other ethnic groups, mainly in the Aromashevsky, Zavodoukovsky, Vagaisky, Isetsky, Nizhnetavdinsky, Tobolsk, Tyumensky, Uvatsky, Yalutorovsky, Yarkovsky districts of the Tyumen region; Bolsherechensky, Znamensky, Kolosovsky, Muromtsevo, Tarsky, Tevrizsky, Ust-Ishimsky districts of the Omsk region; Chanovsky district (auls of Tebiss, Koshkul, Maly Tebiss, Tarmakul, Belechta), Kyshtovsky, Vengerovsky, Kuibyshevsky Kolyvansky district of the Novosibirsk region, Tomsk district of the Tomsk region, there are several villages in the Sverdlovsk, Kurgan and Kemerovo regions. There is a significant Siberian Tatar population in the cities of these regions, and outside the Russian Federation there are communities of Siberian Tatars in Central Asia and Turkey (the village of Bogrudelik in Konya province).
According to the ambassadors of the Siberian Khan Ediger, who arrived in Moscow in 1555, the number of “black people” without nobility in the khanate was 30,700 people. In the charter of Ivan the Terrible regarding their tribute, the figure of 40,000 people is given: According to the results of the First All-Russian Census in the Tobolsk province in 1897, there were 56,957 Siberian Tatars. This is the latest news about the true number of Siberian Tatars, since further censuses took place taking into account the number of Tatar migrants from other regions of Russia. It should also be mentioned that many Siberian Tatars avoided the census in every possible way, believing that this was another attempt by the tsarist government to force them to pay yasak (tax). However, in 1926 there were 70,000 Tatars in the territory of the present Tyumen region, in 1959 - 72,306, in 1970 - 102,859, in 1979 - 136,749, in 1989 - 227,423 , in 2002 - 242,325 (of which 125,000 people were born in the Tyumen region). In total, according to the results of the All-Russian Population Census, in 2002, 358,949 Tatars lived in the above-mentioned regions (their territory corresponds to the main territory of the historical Siberian Khanate), of which 9,289 identified themselves as Siberian Tatars. The largest number of respondents identified themselves as Siberian Tatars in the Tyumen and Kurgan regions - 7890 and 1081 people, respectively. In total, according to the 2002 census, 9,611 Siberian Tatars lived in Russia. At the same time, a number of publications estimate the number of indigenous Siberian Tatars from 190 to 210 thousand people. Such a significant discrepancy in the data can be explained by the fact that the issue of self-identification is a subject of debate among Siberian Tatars. Some of them share the official point of view that they are part of a single Tatar nation and consider their native language to be an eastern dialect of literary Tatar, others consider themselves representatives of a separate people with an original language and culture.
Ethnogenesis and ethnic history
Some of the Siberian Tatars came from medieval backgrounds Kipchaks who took part in the formation of many Turkic peoples. In the process of their long and complex ethnic development, the Siberian Tatars came into contact with groups of Ugric origin, Samoyeds, Kets, peoples of Sayan-Altai, Central Asia and Kazakhstan.
Those closest to the Siberian Tatars ethnogenetically are the Kazakhs and Bashkirs, the Turks of Sayan-Altai. This is due to the close ethnogenetic contacts of these ethnic groups in the foreseeable past.
Relatively reliable data on ethnogenesis, as is believed in science, can be obtained from the Neolithic era (6-4 thousand years BC), when tribes began to take shape. This era is characterized by the presence of tribes of Ugric-Ural origin in the territory of Western Siberia, who were in contact with the tribes of the Caspian Central Asia. In the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e. Iranian-speaking tribes penetrate into Siberia. Milestone and beginning new era characterized by the formation of the ancient Turkic ethnic group in Siberia. The Turkic Xiongnu tribes lived in Western Siberia already in the 3rd century. n. e. B - centuries The Western Siberian forest-steppe is inhabited by significant masses of Turks who came from the regions of Altai and Central Kazakhstan. In the 13th century Kipchaks appear in the Irtysh region, driven out of the southern steppes by the troops of Genghis Khan. During this period, the active departure of the Ugric population to the north began, part of which remained and joined the Turkic population. All this time, contacts between the local Siberian-Turkic population and the ethnic groups of Central Asia were not interrupted, since the borders of the possessions of Central Asian state associations reached the territory of the Irtysh region. So by the 16th century. the ethnic core of the Siberian Tatars is taking shape. In the 13th century The territory inhabited by the Siberian Tatars was part of the Golden Horde. In the XIV century. The Tyumen Khanate arises with its capital Chimgi-Tura (modern Tyumen), at the end of the 16th centuries. - Siberian Khanate with its capital in Iskera (near modern Tobolsk).
Despite many common cultural similarities between the Siberian, Volga-Ural and Astrakhan Tatars, anthropologists still distinguish the Siberian type as a separate ethnic group. Since Tatarstan became the center and focus of Tatar culture, the influence of the Volga Tatars on all other groups of Tatars has led to the intensification of the process of cultural consolidation of all subgroups of the Tatars. Books, films, newspapers published in Tatarstan and available throughout Russia, concerts of creative groups from Tatarstan in the Tatar diaspora, inevitably led to the leveling of local differences. However, among the Siberian Tatars there is a strong feeling of closeness with the Kazakhs and difference from the (Astrakhan and Volga) Tatars. They do, however, have mostly friendly relations with other Tatars.
Language and writing
Siberian Tatar literature
Religion
Spiritual culture
The value orientations of the Siberian Tatars are based on religious (Islamic) canons, non-religious ideas and their manifestations in customs and rituals. Religious rites include the following (carried out with the participation of a mullah) - naming rite (pala atatiu), marriage (nege), funeral (kumeu), memorial rite (katym), pledge (teleu) - carried out on significant life events with the slaughter of a sacrificial animal , Islamic calendar holidays - the fast of Ramadan (Uras), Kurban (kormannyk), etc. All religious rites are carried out practically according to the same scenario - the only difference is in the mullah’s reading of various prayers. A table is set with a traditional set of dishes (noodles, pies, flatbreads, baursaks, apricots, raisins, tea), respected people and relatives gather, the mullah reads the necessary prayers, alms (keyer) are distributed to everyone, and a meal is served.
Folk holidays and customs include elements of the pre-Islamic beliefs of the Siberian Turks. National holidays include Amal (Eastern New Year on the day of the spring equinox). A collective meal is held in the village, gifts are distributed (items are thrown from a high building), and participants play games. Today, the ancient holiday of hag putka (“crow (rook) porridge”) is almost forgotten. Among the Siberian Tatars in the pre-Islamic period, the crow was considered a sacred bird. It was carried out during the arrival of the rooks, that is, before the start of sowing. Village residents collected cereals and other products from their farmsteads, cooked porridge in a large cauldron for all participants, had fun, and left the remains of the meal in the field.
Also traditionally, in dry summers, Siberian Tatars perform the Muslim ritual “Prayer for the sending of rain”, where villagers led by the Muslim clergy perform this ritual of slaughtering a sacrificial animal in dry weather with a request to the Almighty for rain or, conversely, in rainy weather for the cessation of precipitation for the possibility of continuing agricultural work (mainly hay making).
Due to the fact that Islam came to the Siberian Tatars through the Bukhara Sufi sheikhs, a respectful attitude towards these sheikhs remained among the Siberian Tatars. The so-called “Astana” - burial places of sheikhs, are revered by the Siberian Tatars, and moreover, each “Astana” has its own “guardian” who monitors the condition of “Astana”, and the local population, driving near “Astana”, will always stop at the grave of the sheikh and read prayer conveys the reward from what was read to the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), his family, companions, auliya (friends of Allah), all sheikhs, Muslims and himself.
The spiritual heritage of the Siberian Tatars includes folklore. In terms of genre, it is diverse. Among the lyric-epic works, dastans (folk poems) (“Idegei”) are known, and prosaic works include fairy tales (yomak), proverbs (lagap), and sayings (eytem). Music (except dance music) is based on pentatonic scale, so Siberian Tatars sing songs (yyr) that are common to Tatar and Bashkir ones. Music accompanies such genres of folklore as baits (payet) - poems dedicated to tragic incidents of life, munajats (monachat) - religious chants, ditties (takmak). Folk dances are characterized by loud foot tapping (like Spanish flamenco). Among the traditional musical instruments, the following are known: kurai (more precisely kourai) (a type of pipe), kubyz (more precisely komyz) (a reed musical instrument), tumra (a type of dombra), tum (drum).
Material culture
In cut and color, ancient Siberian outerwear is akin to Central Asian and Sayan-Altai (with a Uighur-Chinese lapel), women's dresses are Bashkir (with several rows of frills along the hem), costumes of the early 20th century and later are subject to Tatar influence.
The cuisine of the Siberian Tatars is varied and is based on flour, fish, meat and dairy dishes. They ate the meat of all domestic animals and birds, except pork, and wild animals - hare and elk. Sausages (kazy), including smoked ones, were made from horse meat. In addition, the meat was dried. Favorite first courses - soups and broths: meat soup- ash, meat broth - shurba, ukha - palyk shurba, different types of noodles - onash, salma, soups with dumplings - umats and yore, millet - taryk ure, pearl barley - kutse ure, rice - korets ure. As second courses, people eat pishparmak - meat stewed in the oven with broth, potatoes, onions and pieces of thinly rolled dough, as well as various dough products: a large closed meat pie - palets (from various types of meat), a large closed fish pie - ertnek. A large number of baked goods are known: unleavened flatbreads - kabartma, peter and yoga, wheat and rye bread, a large closed or open pie with a sweet filling of viburnum (palan pelets), cranberries and lingonberries (tseya pelets), pies with various fillings - kapshyrma, samsa , peremets, many types of paursaks - pieces of dough cooked in boiling oil or fat (sur paursak, sansu, etc.), dishes like pancakes - koimok, halva - aluva, brushwood (koshtel). They ate porridge, talkan - a dish of ground barley and oats, diluted in water or milk.
Since the territory of residence of the Siberian Tatars is swampy and lake areas, one of the popular types of raw materials for cooking is fish (except for scaleless species and pike, which are prohibited by Islam). The fish is boiled in the form of fish soup, baked in the oven, fried in a frying pan either separately in oil or in broth with potatoes, and also dried, dried, and salted. In addition, waterfowl meat is popular. A large amount of onion is used as a seasoning in all types of meat and fish dishes. In addition to meat dishes, as one of the main types of livestock products, dairy products are popular: may - butter, (eremtsek, etsegey) - cottage cheese, katyk - a special type of curdled milk (kefir), kaymak - sour cream, cream, kurt - cheese. The most common drinks were tea, some types of sherbet, and the use of kumis and ayran is known.
Pastille was prepared from wild berries for sweets (how)
From the second half of the twentieth century. Vegetables began to appear in the diet of the Siberian Tatars.
Traditional farming, crafts
It is known that the Siberian Tatars were engaged in hoe farming even before Siberia became part of Russia. Traditional crops - barley, oats, millet, later - wheat, rye, buckwheat, flax (yeten) was grown; gardening was not typical until the beginning of the twentieth century. Vegetables were bought.
Cattle breeding is the main occupation of the Siberian Tatars in the past, in the countryside and now. The farm raised horses, large and small cattle, and on rare farms camels were bred for trade in southern countries. After spring field work, herds of horses were released to free grazing. Sheep were sheared 2 times a year. Hay is harvested in the summer in individual and community hay fields. Fishing and hunting are still popular. The main fish is crucian carp (herd), and waterfowl, elk, roe deer, and fur-bearing animals are shot. It is known to catch medicinal leeches.
Trade had and still has a certain importance, and in the past, carriage - transportation of merchant goods on their horses, latrine trades (hired work in agriculture, at state-owned forest dachas, sawmills and other factories). Livestock and agricultural products were processed for both domestic consumption and trade. Grain was ground into flour and cereals in windmills (yel tirmen), as well as with the help of hand tools (kul tirmen). The butter was churned in a special butter churn - a kobo. It is known about squeezing hemp oil.
Crafts were mainly related to domestic consumption. Livestock and game skins were tanned by hand. The skins were used to make sheepskin coats and shoes. Pillows and feather beds were stuffed from bird feathers. Goat down and sheep wool they spun and knitted shawls from fluff for themselves and for sale, and from wool - mainly socks. Flax was processed for making clothes. Craftsmen (osta) knitted nets (au), seines (yylym) and produced other devices for catching fish, as well as traps for animals. There is evidence of making ropes from linden bast, weaving boxes from willow twigs, making birch bark and wooden utensils, boats, carts, sleighs, skis. In the northern regions, pine cones were collected.
Modern Siberian Tatars living in cities work in all spheres of production, service and education, and remain in the countryside traditional activities, such as animal husbandry (with the production of dairy products for domestic consumption and for sale, processing of fluff and wool), hunting, fishing, collection of wild plants (berries, mushrooms, pine cones for sale).
Social organization
During the period of the Siberian Khanate and earlier, the Siberian Tatars had tribal relations with elements of the territorial community. In the XVIII - early XX centuries. The Siberian Tatars had two forms of community: community-volost and community-village. The functions of the community-volost were reduced mainly to fiscal ones and represented an ethnic and class community. The community-settlement was a land unit with its inherent regulation of land use, economic functions, and management functions. Management was carried out by democratic gatherings. A manifestation of the community tradition is the custom of mutual assistance.
The role of tugum was also important among the Siberian Tatars. Tugum is a group of related families originating from one ancestor. The role of tugum was to regulate family, economic and everyday relations, and perform religious and folk rituals. The role of the religious community was also important, regulating certain relationships in the community as a whole.
Famous Siberian Tatars
See also
Notes
- http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform.php Census 2010
- Official website of the 2002 All-Russian Population Census - National composition of the population
- Official website of the 2002 All-Russian Population Census - List of options for self-determination of nationality with number
- Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982.
- Siberian Tatars Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan 2002, 2002
- D.M. Iskhakov. Tatars. Brief ethnic history of Kazan: Magarif, 2002.
- Tomilov N.A. Modern ethnic processes among the Siberian Tatars. Tomsk, 1978; Peoples of Siberia, M.-L., 1956 (bib. on p. 1002);
- Boyarshinova Z. Ya., Population of Western Siberia before the beginning of Russian colonization, Tomsk, 1960.
- Bagashev A.I. Taxonomic position of the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars in the system of racial types of Western Siberia // Problems of anthropology and historical ethnography of Western Siberia. Omsk, 1991.
- Khit G.L., Tomilov N.A. Formation of the Tatars of Siberia according to anthropology and ethnography // methodological aspects of archaeological research in Western Siberia. Tomsk, 1981
- Valeev F. T. Siberian Tatars. Kazan, 1993.
- National composition of the population by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
- SIBERIAN TATARS Historical background
- http://www.islam.ru/pressclub/vslux/narodedin/
- Writers of the Siberian Tatars decided to become a separate ethnic group | In Russia and the CIS | News | Islam and Muslims in Russia and in the world
- Iskhakova, Valeev - Problems of reviving the national language of the Siberian Tatars
- Sagidullin M.A. Turkic ethnotoponymy of the territory of residence of the Siberian Tatars. M., 2006.
- Tumasheva D. G. Dialects of the Siberian Tatars: experience of comparative research. Kazan, 1977.
- Akhatov G. Kh. Dialects of West Siberian Tatars. Author's abstract. dis. for the job application scientist Doctoral degrees philologist. Sci. Tashkent, 1965.
- Tomilov N. A. Ethnic history of the Turkic-speaking population of the West Siberian Plain at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 20th centuries. Novosibirsk, 1992.
- Creativity of the peoples of the Tyumen region. M., 1999.
- Bakieva G. T. Rural community of the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars (XVIII - early XX centuries). Tyumen-Moscow, 2003.
Literature
- Akhatov G. Kh. Some questions of teaching methodology native language in the conditions of the eastern dialect of the Tatar language. - Tobolsk, 1958.
- Akhatov G. Kh. Language of the Siberian Tatars. Phonetics. - Ufa, 1960.
- Akhatov G. Kh. Dialect of West Siberian Tatars. - Ufa, 1963.
- Akhatov G. Kh. Dialects of West Siberian Tatars. Author's abstract. dis. for the job application scientist Doctoral degrees philologist. Sci. Tashkent, 1965.
- Akhatov G. Kh. Tatar dialectology. Dialect of West Siberian Tatars. - Ufa, 1977.
- Akhatov G. Kh. Tatar dialectology (textbook for higher education students educational institutions). - Kazan, 1984.
- Bakieva G. T. Features of the development of the judicial system among the Siberian Tatars in the 18th - early 20th centuries. // Bulletin of Archeology, Anthropology and Ethnography (published by IPOS SB RAS), 2009, No. 9. - P. 130-140.
- Bakieva G. T.
Household and life West Siberian Tatars to October Revolution
Before the revolution, the Siberian Tatars had the main sectors of the economy were quite diverse.Lumen Tatars living in forest-steppeareas, were mainly farmers; those living along the shores of the lakes were engaged in fishing; immigrants from Bukhara living in the same area, who seized rich pastures, were engaged in horse breeding and carried out caravan trade with Central Asia. In their hands until the construction of the Siberian railway there was transportation of goods. Some Tyumen Tatars went to the cities, where they became artisans and hired workers.
The most common occupation for the Siberian Tatars was agriculture, which existed among them already at the end of the 16th century. The main form of agriculture was the fallow system. The field was cultivated with a wooden plow (saban), a wooden harrow with iron teeth. They sowed barley, rye, and oats. Since the beginning of the 20th century. wheat crops spread. They stung with sickles. They threshed with wooden flails.
Periodically, the high rise of the spring waters of the Irtysh and its tributaries prevented the cultivation of arable land in time; spilled spring waters destroyed winter crops, as, for example, among the swamp Tatars living on small dry islands. Without a supply of seeds for secondary sowing, the Tatars were left without bread for the next year. Particularly difficult was the cultivation of arable land among the Barabinsk Tatars, whose plots in the swampy Barabinsk steppe are located on elongated ridges, closed by lakes and swampy depressions that required reclamation. A farming technique that allows you to process large plots land, was acquired from Russian settlers, who played a major progressive role in further development agriculture among the Tatars. The arable lands of the bulk of the working Tatars by the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. were interspersed in small plots into the lands of rich Tatars and Russian peasants. Scattered in separate small plots among the forests, swamps and meadows, they were sometimes located tens of kilometers from villages. The incoming Tatar population, for example, settlers from Kazan, were completely deprived of rights to land and rented it from rich Tatars.
Formally, arable land belonged to the entire village (yurt) as a whole and was divided according to the number of souls, taking into account its quality (chernozem, sandy, swampy) and remoteness from the village (homestead, middle, distant). Allotments were determined for several years. Land that was not systematically cultivated was transferred to “society.” According to the law, only those Tatars who regularly paid taxes and performed various duties could use the allotments. In fact, the best and most significant lands were in the hands of the rich, who concentrated the best plots in a variety of ways, as well as in the hands of service people, monasteries (Znamensky, Uspensky) and the clergy. The poor got the worst and farthest plots, which they either rented out to the same rich people, or refused them, since the cultivation of such plots was beyond their power due to the lack of agricultural implements, seeds, etc. With the birth of a child in the family - the boy was allocated an allotment to his share (as well as a share in fishing and hunting), girls were not entitled to anything. At the beginning of the 20th century. Agricultural machines (reapers, threshers, seeders) appeared in small quantities on kulak farms. The rich used hired labor.
Fishing was common among the marsh Tatars; they also engaged in hunting. On lakes and large rivers, fishing gear was nets (au) and seines (el'p). In winter, the seine was pulled through a series of special ice holes by horses using a gate. We used harnesses with purchased hooks on hair leashes. From a boat we caught lures, “tracks”, and in the fall we caught pike with a sharp spear.
On small rivers, “constipations” were placed across the bed from thin rods intertwined with a wash rope; on one side, near the shore, cats were made, into the open end of which the fish entered and remained in the labyrinth; it was scooped up from there with primitive nets (salbu) from a cut branch with a fork and a piece of an old net stretched over it.
They made the so-called kopans - ditches coming from the lake, length 1 km or more. They installed a fence with free entry on one side only. In search of fresh water, the fish rushed to the Kopanets, from where they scooped it up with nets.
Among basket traps, the Tatars know vershi (cheta). They placed them at the mouths of rivers, lowering them to the bottom with the help of poles and goats. Wicks, one-winged and two-winged, were placed in channels and reeds. Fish were caught all year round. The land was formally in communal use. The catch was divided equally among all fishing participants. The caught fish was mainly used for consumption; part of the catch was sold to buyers and traders.
Hunting for fur-bearing animals was widespread mainly among the Tatars living in the taiga and, to a lesser extent, in the steppe zone. In swampy areas they hunted waterfowl. The Tyumen Tatars hunted the Iletsk squirrel, which was highly valued. The Tatars hunted, in addition to squirrels, moles, martens, sables, weasels, otter, foxes, hare, ermine (Barabinsk Tatars), wolverine, and large animals: bear, elk, roe deer, wolf (Barabinsk Tatars); from birds - to various species of ducks, huge flocks of which are found in swamp thickets and on the remote lakes of Zabolotye and the Barabinskaya steppe, to black grouse (slashing grouse); They also caught hazel grouse, partridges, geese and other birds that live in abundance in the Ob-Irtysh basin.
The hunting season began with the first snow. We hunted on foot and on skis in winter; The exception was the hunters of the Barabinsk steppe, among whom horse hunting was common, especially for wolves. They went fishing for several weeks. The main hunting weapon was the gun. Almost all hunters had dogs - Siberian huskies, trained to hunt animals and birds. Various homemade traps were used for fur-bearing animals. Large animals (elk, deer) were killed with crossbows (aya), which were mounted on three stakes or stumps. Swamp Tatars on the elk trail strengthened the splits of a tilted tree at a certain height sharp knife or a spear, masking it with grass. The elk ran into a knife. Swamp hunters hunted bears with a spear, raising them from their dens in the winter; in the spring they caught live cubs and raised them at home. When hunting birds, a center-fire rifle was already used everywhere, although among the Zabolotny Tatars in some places they shot ducks with a bow.
The skins of fur-bearing animals were sold to buyers. They consumed the meat of waterfowl themselves, and made pillows and feather beds from feathers, which were widespread among the Tatars. The meat of bears and moose was also used for food, and elk skin was bought by traders.
Baraba Tatars until the very beginning of the 20th century. in the summer they wandered. Rich farms had hundreds of heads of cattle (horses, cows, sheep), which were serviced by hired workers. Poor farms had little or no livestock. On this basis, the exploitation of the poor by the rich took place. Each village had its own pasture lands. The pasture was usually fenced off at the beginning of sowing (May) and opened after the fields were harvested (late September). The flock was guarded by shepherds. In villages of mixed ethnic composition, the Tatars used a separate pasture.
Harvesting hay from the meadows of the West Siberian Lowland and the Barabinsk steppe provided full winter feed for livestock. Meadows were formally distributed, like arable land, according to the available population, dividing into plots according to the quality of the meadows (meadow, oak, swamp) and remoteness from the village. In fact, the best crops were concentrated among large livestock owners.
The grass was mowed with Lithuanian scythes, the dried hay was hauled into stacks on drags; it stood in the stacks until the winter, and as needed it was brought up on a sleigh. The poor rented out their mowing fields. The rich increased their mowing due to cheap rent, and hired the poor to mow them.
Livestock products - leather, meat - were bought by Bukharian traders and transported by horse-drawn transport to fairs. The convoys of some Bukhara traders amounted to up to 500 carts. They exported millions of pieces of leather. Annual fairs were held in different places (Embaevo-Tyumensky district, Tobolsk, Tarmakul-Barabinskaya steppe), where local Tatar products were sold.
The milk was sold to creameries. Their owners collected milk from the Tatars through buyers, who often delayed payments. This caused discontent among the Tatars, which sometimes took the form of open action against the factory owners. One such performance - in Ulenkul in 1915 - ended with the removal of the plant's equipment. Cattle breeding suffered great damage from frequent epizootics ( anthrax etc.), which were not fought.
The secondary occupations of the Tatars included the production of sacks in areas of linden forests, for example, among the swamp Tatars. In the spring, bast was prepared from linden bark. For a month and a half they soaked the bark in the river near the shore.
having pressed it down with a weight, then the top cover was removed, transported by boat to the village, dried and received bast. Dividing it into fibers, matting was woven (on a Russian-type loom), from which coolies were sewn. There were two people working on the machine, usually an adult and a teenager. They made up to 15 bags a day. They were sold to visiting merchants. Ropes were also woven from bast.
Among the forest trades of the Tatars (Tobolsk), there has long been a cedar trade, which served in productive years a great help in the household. The cedar forests were distributed among plots: nuts were collected in August-September by families of 3-4 people.
Some Tatar farms in the Tomsk province were engaged in apiary beekeeping.
Carriage played a significant role in the economy of some groups of Siberian Tatars. In addition to the already mentioned Bukharians, the Tatars living near large highways (Moscow-Irkutsk) were engaged in transportation. They transported various goods to fairs, from Tyumen to Tara, Tobolsk, Omsk, Ishim, etc. They transported livestock products: leather, wool, meat, butter. In winter, they transported firewood from the cutting sites to the piers. The Baraba Tatars worked with horses in logging in the upper reaches of the Ob, and the Tobolsk Tatars from the Lower Arimzyans also transported timber. IN late XIX c., due to the construction of the Siberian Railway, transportation was reduced. Some of the Tatars who previously worked as carriers became loaders (Tyumen, Tar).
In areas where Tatars settled, a major role was played as a means of communication! played by natural waterways. Dirt roads in the spring, when rivers were flooding, and in the fall, during rains, were impassable. The population had the responsibility to fix bridges on the roads, make roads, and maintain transportation. In winter, the roads were better, and with the Zabolotny Tatars, for example, living 65 km from Tobolsk, communication was only possible in winter over a frozen swamp; in the summer they were completely cut off.
They moved along the rivers in boats, which, according to the stories of the swamp Tatars, they learned to make from the Ostyaks (dugouts) and from the Russians (kedrovkas). The dugout was made from aspen, and the plank boat was made from cedar. The dugout is controlled by a single-bladed oar and can accommodate no more than two people. It is still common among the swamp Tatars. Long distances, sometimes very long, were traveled in cedar boats - large, roomy boats with 2 pairs of oars. By land, goods were transported in the summer on carts, where possible, and in the winter on sleighs or firewood.
Tatar villages were located at great distances from each other. They were called yurts (Tobolsk, Tyumen), auls (Baraba) and were usually located on the banks of rivers or lakes. Characteristic features of ancient Tatar villages are the lack of a specific layout, crooked narrow streets, the presence of dead ends, scattered areas, etc. The villages were usually small. Each village had a mosque with a minaret, a cemetery-grove where trees were strictly guarded. In the villages of later times, a linear plan can be traced; The influence of Russian peasants, who brought with them their village planning skills, was felt here. There were almost no trees in the villages and there were no front gardens.
The dwellings were log cabins covered with planks, and among the Barabino Tatars, huts were covered with turf. The rich also had stone houses, mainly in the villages of Bukharians near the cities of Tyumen and Tobolsk. The dwellings of the Baraba residents were sharply different: they had wicker houses, coated with clay, reminiscent of Ukrainian huts, but with a flat roof made of turf. Ancient Tatar houses had a large, high, open porch, which was entered by stairs or along a log with notches. Two-story old houses have survived until recently. The lower floor in these houses served as a winter room, and the upper floor served as a summer room. There is no internal communication between the floors: an external steep, sometimes without railing, staircase leading to the second floor, ending with a landing, also without railings. On rare occasions, the house had a canopy. Along one of the walls of the living space there were bunks, on which a low round or rectangular table. On the bunks there were usually chests with property, feather beds were folded on them, and pillows were placed. The bunks were covered with rugs or mats of our own production. They dined, slept, and worked here. Guests were received on bunks in the front corner. In some houses, the bunks were closed with a curtain at night. Above the bunks, on a horizontal crossbar, folded clothes were hung. In the room at the door there was a copper jug and a basin for ablution before meals.
Previously, houses were heated by a chuval, made of vertically standing thin poles coated with clay, with a straight, wide pipe that barely protruded above the flat roof. Firewood was placed vertically in the fire pit and it was heated all day. At the end of the 19th century. They began to attach a hearth to the chuval with a built-in cast-iron cauldron for cooking food. For baking bread, special ovens were installed at outdoors from mud bricks.
The outbuildings included: a cattle pen made of poles (in the winter the pen was covered with a roof, in the summer it stood open), a wooden barn for storing food, nets, equipment, a bathhouse built in a black way, i.e. without a chimney (smoke). exited through the door and through the hole in the roof).
During the period of field work and haymaking, huts were made in the field from twigs, covered with hay and turf. The huts were domed and gable. In Tatar clothing at the end of the 19th century. Some national characteristics still remained, to a greater extent among rural residents, and to a lesser extent among urban residents. A characteristic men's costume was beshmet (bishmyat) - a caftan, below the knees, with a large stand-up collar, ruffles and a short waist. It was decorated with buttons sewn in pairs on short laces. The beshmet was worn over a calico colored undershirt. They wore wide and short trousers tucked into boots; In addition to the beshmet, a shorter camisole served as summer clothing. In winter they wore sheepskin coats, without a collar, covered with cloth, nanka or daba. Over the fur coat they wore a leather belt decorated with metal plaques and a buckle, or colorful woolen belts.
Men usually shaved their heads and wore a round skull cap (arakchin) with a flat band. She wore a cloth or felt hat in the summer and a fur hat in the winter. Tatars who visited Mecca (hajis) had the right to wear green turbans. Mullahs wore white turbans.
Men's shoes consisted of woolen stockings and leather boots, over which were worn leather galoshes with a tongue at the instep. In winter, felt boots were usually worn. Due to the conditions of the terrain, the Marsh Tatars wore brodni - high soft leather boots with soft soles, attached to the belt with leather straps. Abundantly lubricated several times with tar, such boots do not allow water to pass through.
Women wore a wide shirt with a slit in the middle in the front and a low, soft stand-up collar. Festive clothes for the most the wealthy were made of striped and variegated silk fabrics brought from Central Asia. The collar of the shirt was trimmed with red cloth, embroidered with gold and silver and decorated with buttons, sparkles, and coins. An ordinary shirt was made from chintz. Under the outer one they also wore a canvas or calico shirt, over which they put on a sleeveless vest - a kamzul. The women's jacket was trimmed around with braid, ribbon or factory-made cord. The kamzul was always lined with light material.
Women wore trousers wider than men's, tying them under the knees. When going outside, they wore a coat with a low collar, semi-fitting to the waist. The winter robe was quilted with cotton wool and trimmed with fur, most often beaver or seal. Women's shoes - multi-colored morocco boots - were borrowed from the Kazan Tatars. Ichigi were always worn with galoshes.
The girls combed their hair smoothly, braiding their hair in two braids. Married women wove ribbons with coins sewn into their braids. An ancient headdress was a cap (kolfak). It was worn directly on the hair and was a festive dress for girls and women. The cap looked like a bag, rounded at the end, often knitted, and was embroidered with wool, silver thread, beads, and pearls. When putting it on the head, the free end was thrown to the side or back. Since the middle of the 19th century. caps have disappeared from everyday life, and nowadays they can only be found stored in chests.
Usually women wore headscarves. On the wedding day, the bride wore a bandage (sarautz) on her forehead, tied at the back, and a silk scarf was put on top of it. Zarautz was made of velvet with embroidery and was worn by married women. They also wore small velvet hats covered with a scarf or tulle. Baraba Tatar women used to cover their faces with a scarf when going out, according to Muslim laws.
Rich Tatar women wore heavy, tubular, silver and gold breast ornaments of fine jewelry, which were also considered amulets. On back side The plates were written with Arabic sayings supposedly protecting against evil spirits. They wore earrings in their ears, bracelets and rings on their hands, beads on their necks, and ribbons with coins woven into their hair. Children had coins, buttons, and plaques sewn onto their clothes.
Women used whitewash and rouge. The coloring of nails was borrowed from the Bukharians yellow(with crushed cloves) or red (with fresh balsam leaves), blackening of teeth was common.
Class differences among the Tatars manifested themselves in clothing mainly in the quality and cost of its material. The rich's clothes, shoes, and jewelry were more expensive and better.
Gradually, the Tatars borrowed more comfortable clothing from the Russian population, thereby losing the originality of their national clothing, of which only isolated elements were preserved.
The Siberian Tatars ate mainly plant products (cereals), fish, and to a lesser extent dairy and meat (horse meat, lamb, game). In the past, the main food of the Tatars who lived along the Irtysh, Tobol and their tributaries was fish and fish oil. The women prepared the food; in the summer it was windy and outside. Bread was also baked in outdoor ovens. The favorite national dish was noodles cooked in meat broth or water. Among other flour products, unleavened flatbreads, pancakes, and quadrangular-shaped pies with cottage cheese, meat, and later potatoes were common; dumplings, pancakes, as well as large pies with fish baked inside, were mandatory on national holidays. Alyuwa was often prepared from wheat flour, steeped with milk and seasoned with ghee. Another flour dish - zaturan - was prepared from flour fried in butter, boiled in tea broth and served with milk. A common treat on holidays was baursak - pieces of dough boiled in boiling oil. When served, they were smeared with honey and sprinkled with sugar. The listed dishes were most often prepared in rich and prosperous homes, while the poor ate simpler and more monotonous.
The groats were peeled in a wooden mortar with a wooden pestle. It was used to cook porridge in a cast iron cauldron embedded in the stove. A favorite dish was fish soup (shurba), especially common in areas where fishing is developed. The fish was consumed boiled. The sterlet was eaten raw, with a little salt. Chebaks were fried without oil in a frying pan, adding water.
The favorite meat dish was lamb, consumed at holidays and when treating guests. Pork was forbidden by religion. In hunting areas, various game was widely used: ducks, partridges, hazel grouse, wood grouse, quail, geese. Soup was made from the game. The geese were fried on forks and over fire, with the rendered fat draining into a cup. Of large animals, boiled meat of elk and bear was consumed.
In addition to tea, they drank fermented milk (katyk) and kumys (Baraba Tatars). Cucumbers were sometimes marinated in kumiss (instead of vinegar).
Women used to eat separately from men, most often after them. At weddings and holidays, meals for men and women were arranged separately in different houses.
The bulk of the Tatars were yasak peasants, subject to heavy taxes. By the beginning of the 20th century, under the conditions of developing capitalism, the number of homeless and landless poor people who did not have their own arable land and livestock increased significantly. The basis of this process was the uneven distribution of both land plots among the Tatars, who were engaged in agriculture, and livestock among pastoralists, and the loss of the working population of their small plots and livestock.
Typically, a peasant Tatar family consisted of 5-7 people. Family members obeyed the head of the family, the father, in everything.
Rich Tatars had, according to Muslim custom, up to four wives who lived in different houses. The wife was subordinate to her husband in everything. She was not only limited in her rights, but also bound by a number of religious prohibitions. During funerals, only men went to the cemetery; women were prohibited from visiting mosques and cemeteries. They had to walk with their faces covered and not show themselves to strangers. On national holidays and in domestic life, women were separated from men. Women were not sent to schools (myaktyabe); they studied only basic literacy in schools at mosques (madrassas), taught by the mullah's wife. The path to further education for women was closed. Women's testimony in court had to be corroborated by a man.
Girls were married off sometimes at the age of 13. The bride was not supposed to see the groom before the wedding. From the groom, two matchmakers came to the bride's father, agreed on the size of the bride price, and the groom moved to his father-in-law's house (koin, ata) and lived there until the bride price was paid. Among the Baraba Tatars, the bride price was often paid after the wedding. Many poor people were not able to pay the dowry, which reached 300-500 rubles. and remained unmarried.
After the deceased, the estate was divided into equal parts between the sons; daughters were given half of the sons' share. If there were no sons, daughters received half of the property, the rest went to relatives. Mother and father had different rights to the inheritance, the mother was entitled to one third, the rest was given to the father.
By religion, the Siberian Tatars were Muslims (Sunnis). Their main clergyman - Akhun - lived in the village. Embaevo (Tyumen district), where he owned large plots of land. However, the Siberian Tatars also retained pre-Islamic beliefs. Belief in spirits - “masters” was widespread. The main ones were: “households” of the house, “masters” of the water, “master” of the forest. “Many Tatars had a cult of trees (birch or pine). Sacrifices were preserved. In times of drought, all residents of the village went out into the field and slaughtered a horse or cow or a calf, and sometimes a sheep, asking God to send rain. Then they positioned themselves against the sun, cooked the killed animal and treated all those gathered, throwing the bones into the water. On days of remembrance of the dead, roosters were sacrificed. To protect against lightning, thunder, evil spirits, and diseases, amulets were worn around the neck: bear fangs and claws. Amulets were also hung from children's cradles.
Folk art among the Siberian Tatars was represented mainly by oral folk art. The main types of folklore of the Tobolsk and Tyumen Tatars are fairy tales, songs (quatrains), lyrical songs, dance songs (tongue twisters; takmak) usually of a humorous nature, proverbs and riddles, heroic songs and tales about heroes, historical songs [bytes]. The latter should be considered as literary works, since they were composed and written down on paper by literate Tatars. Once among the masses, historical songs acquired oral form, changed, were supplemented, and already existed as folklore works. The development of folklore was negatively influenced by Islam, which supplanted original folk art and instead spread common Muslim legends and songs.
Despite the fact that music and dancing were condemned by the Muslim religion, the Tobolsk and Tyumen Tatars preserved national musical instruments: kurai - a pipe made of a hollow stem with several rectangular holes at its thin end; kobyz is a reed instrument with a vibrating steel or copper plate. Women were only allowed to play these instruments in the presence of immediate family members, and not in front of strangers
Fine art of the Tatars existed mainly in the form of embroidery on clothes. Embroidery, as well as sewing clothes, was done by women. They embroidered geometric designs on towels and clothes. The embroidery on women's velvet headbands and caps was particularly artistic. The front part of these headdresses was embroidered with silk, silver, gold, beads, pearls, and colored wool. Embroidery subjects - flowers, plants.
Public education among the Siberian Tatars was limited to rural theological schools at mosques - mekteb. The tsarist government was not interested in educating “foreigners,” and the mullahs prevented education in secular schools, of which there were few - one or two per county. In the area where the Baraba Tatars settled there were even fewer schools; only a few were literate.
Mektab were built with the private funds of the rich or at the expense of “society”; the teachers were also supported with the specified funds. Pupils studied for 4-5 years and did not always learn to read and write. The teaching was conducted by a mullah, was of a purely religious nature and was limited to memorizing the Arabic text of the Koran. Boys and girls studied separately. Students paid for their studies with bread and money. The children of the poor were forced to serve the rich. Corporal punishment with canes was practiced
