Inert type vnd. Types of higher nervous activity of a person. Typological variants of the personality of children
We all behave differently in difficult situations, work at a different pace, and react to criticism. In many ways, these differences are due to the type of nervous system. The type of the nervous system can be strong or weak, inert or mobile, balanced or unbalanced.
The peculiarities of the nervous system determine the known types of temperament: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic.
According to I.P. Pavlov, the strength of the nervous system is an innate indicator. It is used to denote the endurance and performance of nerve cells.
The strength of the nervous system "reflects the ability of nerve cells to withstand, without going into an inhibitory state, either very strong or prolonged, although not strong, excitation."
An inverse relationship was established between the strength of the nervous system and sensitivity. Individuals with a strong nervous system are characterized by a low level of analyzer sensitivity. A weaker nervous system is more sensitive, that is, able to respond to stimuli of lower intensity than a strong one.
Strong type of nervous system
A strong nervous system can withstand a load greater in magnitude and duration than a weak one.
High efficiency. A person with a strong nervous system is characterized by high efficiency, low susceptibility to fatigue.
Multitasking. There is also an ability to remember and take care of performing several types of tasks at the same time for a long period of time, that is, to distribute one's attention well.
Ability to take a hit. A distinctive feature of a strong nervous system is the ability to tolerate superstrong stimuli, to remain calm and composure in stressful situations.
Avral, control - such situations mobilize people with a strong nervous system.
Mobilization and margin of safety. In situations of intense activity, increased responsibility, there is an improvement in the efficiency of activity. Can work in noisy environments. They achieve their best results, as a rule, in conditions of increased motivation.
The routine is depressing. But in the conditions of normal, everyday activities, when performing monotonous work, they develop a state of boredom, efficiency decreases, so they achieve their best results, as a rule, in conditions of increased motivation.
Ignores weak signals. Sensitivity is determined by the minimum amount of stimulus that causes an excitation reaction. People with a strong nervous system require a stronger signal for this.
Weak type of nervous system
Fast fatiguability. A person with a weak nervous system is characterized by rapid fatigue, the need for additional breaks for rest, a sharp decrease in work productivity against the background of distractions and interference.
Observed inability to pay attention between several things at the same time.
Doesn't deal well with stress. In situations of intense activity, work efficiency decreases, anxiety and uncertainty arise. A weak nervous system is not able to tolerate superstrong stimuli. It either immediately turns off (the inhibitory process prevails over excitation), or it is “carried away” without any brakes, with unpredictable consequences (inhibition does not have time to cope with excitation).
Systematization and control. A weak nervous system is characterized by a high resistance to monotony, so representatives of a weak type achieve better results in everyday, familiar activities. Successfully work according to the algorithm. There is an ability to plan activities, systematize, carefully monitor the work done.
Increased sensitivity. A weak nervous system has the ability to respond to super-weak signals, to distinguish between similar stimuli. It is high sensitivity that determines that some people are able to notice the subtleties of shades, sounds, smells, as well as statements and interpersonal relationships.
By Paul Apal'kin
Other characteristics of the nervous system
Mobility of the nervous system
Mobility- this is a property of the nervous system, which manifests itself in the speed and ease of getting used to new conditions, in the speed and ease of its transition from one state to another, from rest to activity and back. The mobility of nervous processes affects the speed of thinking, perception, and memorization.
Mobile type of nervous system
People with a mobile nervous system it is common to easily and quickly learn new material, but just as quickly forget it, they easily and quickly get used to new conditions, love the novelty of the situation and new acquaintances.
Inert type of nervous system
People with an inactive nervous system learn new material slowly, but this development is more durable. They are difficult to work out, they move more slowly from a state of rest to a state of activity, such people are often accused of slowness.
"Invasion" by Paul Apalkin Balance of the nervous system
Equilibrium- this is a property of the nervous system, which manifests itself in the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition.
Unbalanced type of nervous system
Excitation predominates, it is easier for such people to show external activity than to restrain themselves; they quickly make decisions and move on to action, sometimes without even having time to think everything over.
Balanced type of nervous system
Inhibition prevails, which is expressed in patience, the ability to effectively suppress inappropriate impulses; excessive stiffness of behavior is also possible.
Individual style of activity
The development of an individual style of activity makes it possible to compensate for the peculiarities of the manifestations of the mobile and inert nervous systems: inertia is compensated by forethought, and excessive mobility - by special self-control measures against haste.
Types of the nervous system and temperament
Type of nervous system | Features of the processes of excitation and inhibition | Temperament |
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Equilibrium | Mobility |
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Strong: | ||||
rampant | unbalanced | mobile | ||
alive | balanced | mobile | sanguine |
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calm | balanced | inert | phlegmatic person |
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Weak | unbalanced | inert | melancholic |
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We all behave differently in difficult situations, work at a different pace, and react to criticism. In many ways, these differences are due to the type of nervous system. The type of the nervous system can be strong or weak, inert or mobile, balanced or unbalanced. The peculiarities of the nervous system determine the known types of temperament: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic. According to I.P. Pavlov, the strength of the nervous system is […]
Our former compatriot, who now lives in Australia, summarizing Western literary data, gives a description of eight basic, from his point of view, personality types: infantile; authoritarian; machiavellian; accumulative; adventurous; complaisant; altruistic; creative (Zatsepin, 2002). Infantile Infantile personality type (psychopath) is characterized by social underdevelopment: shamelessness and lack of empathy. People of this type are quiet, polite, courteous, even charming, and at the same time […]
A. Miller (A. Miller, 1991) created a typology based on a combination of personality traits. He used three dimensions of personality traits: cognitive, affective, and conative. The cognitive dimension is analyticity-holisticity (in other concepts it is analyticity-syntheticity), that is, the tendency to focus on the whole or parts. The affective dimension is represented by emotional stability - instability, which is determined through the intensity of emotional reactions. […]
This American psychologist believed that early childhood and family relationships are the determining factors in the formation of personality. Therefore, the five types of personality identified by him (consumer, exploitative, accumulative, market and productive) rather reflect the influence of social rather than innate factors (E. Fromm, 1964). Consumer type A person believes that the source of all goods is outside, and is determined to […]
Types of GNI - a set of congenital (genotype) and acquired (phenotype) properties of the nervous system that determine the nature of the interaction of the organism with the environment and are reflected in all its functions.
The specific value of congenital and acquired - the product of the interaction of the genotype and the environment - may vary depending on the conditions. There are three main properties of the nervous system:
2. balance;
3. mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition.
Various combinations of these properties allowed I.P. Pavlov to distinguish the following types of nervous activity, which differ in adaptive abilities and resistance to irritating factors:
1. strong type;
2. weak type.
Strong type nervous system may be unbalanced or balanced. unbalanced type characterized by a strong irritable process and lagging behind in strength inhibitory, therefore, a representative of this type in difficult situations is subject to violations of the GNI, is able to train and largely improve insufficient inhibition. Balanced type differs in the mobility of nervous processes, in the speed of response, the restructuring of behavior:
a) movable type - characterized by equally strong excitation and inhibition processes with good mobility, which provides good adaptive capabilities and stability in difficult life situations;
b) inert type - with strong processes of inhibition and excitation and with their poor mobility, always having difficulty switching from one type of activity to another.
Weak type characterized by weakness of excitation and inhibition, poorly adapts to environmental conditions, prone to neurotic disorders.
These types of the nervous system, identified by I.P. Pavlov correspond to the classification of human temperaments proposed 2500 years ago by Hippocrates. He divided people into:
1. choleric people - unbalanced, easily excitable;
2. sanguine people - balanced, with a lively, mobile nervous system - optimists;
3. phlegmatic - balanced, calm, reasonable, inert;
4. melancholic - gloomy, depressed, eternal skeptics.
The type of nervous system is inherited from parents, but the environment has a significant influence on it. Character traits are formed in the individual life of a person. A strong type is formed during upbringing in greenhouse conditions, when adults always decide everything for the child, deprive him of initiative. Isolation of a child from difficulties, from the influence of the external environment, even with an innate strong type of nervous system, can only form in a person passive-protective reactions.
The setting of too difficult, unbearable tasks can cause an overstrain of the cortical processes of excitation or inhibition, which leads to nervous breakdowns of nervous activity, to neuroses. Mental functions in a person are violated under the influence of alcohol, drugs. In this case, the mechanisms of nervous processes are seriously affected.
Rice. 16. Types of the nervous system according to I.P. Pavlov
For normal life, to restore strength, regular good rest is necessary. This rest provides dream - a vital periodically occurring condition, which occupies about one third of a person's life. Alternating sleep and wakefulness is a must for life. If a person is deprived of sleep, then his sensitivity is exacerbated, muscle weakness and mental disorders appear.
Sleep requirements change with age. In a newborn, it is 21 - 23 hours, up to 4 - 5 months. children sleep 17 - 18 hours a day, by the end of the first year about 14 hours. At 4 years - 12 hours, at 8 - 10 years - 10 hours, at 15 - 16 years - 9 hours. For optimal activity of an adult, 7 to 8 hours are needed.
During sleep, a person loses contact with the external environment, consciousness turns off. The sense organs do not perceive ordinary external stimuli. Conditioned reflex activity is completely inhibited, muscle tone decreases, blood pressure and body temperature decrease, breathing becomes more rare.
I.P. Pavlov considered sleep as a protective inhibition, covering the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres and the subcortex, protecting nerve cells from inhibition and exhaustion.
During sleep, its depth changes. Most deep (REM) sleep observed usually in the first 1 - 2 hours and then repeated every 60 - 80 minutes during the entire sleep and lasts about half an hour. In the intervals between deep sleep, sleep is even, calm, it is called "slow" sleep . During a deep sleep, it is difficult to wake a person; at this time, he often sees dreams, which, according to I.M. Sechenov, are various combinations of experienced impressions.
Control questions
1. What is higher nervous activity?
a) the activity of the higher parts of the brain;
b) the activity of the central parts of the brain;
c) activity of the middle and medulla oblongata.
2. In what systems I.P. Pavlov combined reflexes?
a) the first and second signal systems;
b) primary and secondary signaling systems;
c) main and secondary signaling systems.
3. What are the types of inhibition of conditioned reflexes?
a) external and internal;
b) internal and external;
c) fading and delay;
4. How many types of nervous system are there?
5. What are the stages of sleep?
a) fast and slow
b) deep and superficial;
c) long and short.
6. How often does deep sleep repeat?
a) 60 - 80 minutes;
b) 1 - 2 hours;
Even doctors of ancient antiquity correctly paid attention to the individual differences in the temperament of people, manifested not only in their character and actions, but also in relation to diseases, and tried to understand the nature of this difference. The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived in the 5th century BC, described four temperaments, which received the following names: sanguine temperament, phlegmatic temperament, choleric temperament, melancholic temperament. He described the main types of temperaments, gave them characteristics, but associated temperament not with the properties of the nervous system, but with the ratio of various fluids in the body: blood, lymph and bile.
An attempt to translate the doctrine of temperament types onto a new scientific basis was made by I.P. Pavlov, who, in a publication in 1927, became understand temperament as a type of higher nervous activity. He based this interpretation on the presence in animals and humans of a certain severity of the properties of the nervous system.
According to the teachings of I.P. Pavlov, individual characteristics of behavior, the dynamics of the course of mental activity depend on individual differences in the activity of the nervous system. The basis of individual differences in nervous activity is the manifestation and correlation of the properties of the two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition.
The properties of the nervous system are understood as such stable qualities that are innate. Were installed three properties of the processes of excitation and inhibition:
1) force
2) equilibrium processes of excitation and inhibition,
3) mobility(replacement) processes of excitation and inhibition.
Force associated with the performance of nerve cells. Strength of the nervous system in relation to excitation- this is its ability to withstand for a long time, without revealing prohibitive braking, intense and often repetitive loads. Strength of the nervous system in relation to inhibition- the ability to withstand prolonged and frequently repeated braking effects. Psychologists have established that the weakness of the nervous system is not a negative property. A strong nervous system copes more successfully with some life tasks, and a weak one with others. Weakness of nervous processes is characterized by the inability of nerve cells to withstand prolonged and concentrated excitation and inhibition. Under the action of very strong stimuli, nerve cells quickly pass into a state of protective inhibition. Thus, in a weak nervous system, nerve cells are characterized by low efficiency, their energy is quickly depleted. But on the other hand, a weak nervous system is highly sensitive: even to weak stimuli, it gives an appropriate reaction, and this is its well-known advantage.
Equilibrium nervous system in relation to excitation and inhibition is manifested in the same reactivity of the nervous system in response to excitatory and inhibitory influences.
Lability The nervous system is evaluated by the rate of occurrence and termination of the nervous process of excitation or inhibition.
Combinations of these properties of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition formed the basis for determining the type of higher nervous activity.
Rice. Types of GNI
Type of higher nervous activity – it is a set of innate and acquired properties of the nervous system that determine the nature of the interaction of the organism with the environment and are reflected in all the functions of the organism. Depending on the combination of strength, mobility and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, there are four main types of higher nervous activity:
– choleric type(unrestrained): strong unbalanced nervous system. It is characterized by a high strength of the excitatory process with a clear predominance of it over the inhibitory one, as well as increased mobility and lability of the main nervous processes.
– Sanguine tee n (balanced): strong balanced mobile nervous system. It is characterized by sufficient strength and mobility of excitatory and inhibitory processes.
– Phlegmatic type(inert): strong balanced inert nervous system. It is distinguished by sufficient strength of both nervous processes with relatively low rates of their mobility and lability.
– melancholic type(weak, inhibitory): weak nervous system. It is characterized by a clear predominance of the inhibitory process over the excitatory one and their low mobility.
According to I.P. Pavlova, the types of GNI are the "main features" of the individual characteristics of a person. The type of higher nervous activity refers to natural higher data; this is an innate property of the nervous system. On this physiological basis, various systems of conditioned connections can be formed, i.e., in the process of life, these conditioned connections will form differently in different people: this will be the manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity. Temperament is a manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity in human activity and behavior.
Below is a psychological description of the four types of temperaments:
Sanguine temperament. The sanguine person quickly converges with people, is cheerful, easily switches from one type of activity to another, but does not like monotonous work. He easily controls his emotions, quickly gets used to a new environment, actively enters into contacts with people. His speech is loud, fast, distinct and is accompanied by expressive facial expressions and gestures. But this temperament is characterized by a certain duality. If the stimuli change rapidly, novelty and interest of impressions are maintained all the time, a state of active excitement is created in the sanguine person, and he manifests himself as an active, active, energetic person. If the effects are long and monotonous, then they do not support the state of activity, excitement, and the sanguine person loses interest in the matter, he develops indifference, boredom, lethargy.
A sanguine person quickly has feelings of joy, grief, affection and ill will, but all these manifestations of his feelings are unstable, do not differ in duration and depth. They quickly arise and can just as quickly disappear or even be replaced by the opposite. The mood of a sanguine person changes quickly, but, as a rule, a good mood prevails.
Phlegmatic temperament. A person of this temperament is slow, calm, unhurried, balanced. In activity shows solidity, thoughtfulness, perseverance. He usually finishes what he starts. All mental processes in the phlegmatic proceed as if slowly. The feelings of a phlegmatic person are outwardly expressed weakly, they are usually inexpressive. The reason for this is the balance and weak mobility of the nervous processes. In relations with people, the phlegmatic is always even, calm, moderately sociable, his mood is stable. The calmness of a person of phlegmatic temperament is also manifested in his attitude to the events and phenomena of the life of a phlegmatic person, it is not easy to piss off and hurt him emotionally. It is easy for a person of a phlegmatic temperament to develop restraint, composure, calmness. But a phlegmatic person should develop the qualities he lacks - greater mobility, activity, not to allow him to show indifference to activity, lethargy, inertia, which can very easily form under certain conditions. Sometimes a person of this temperament can develop an indifferent attitude to work, to life around him, to people and even to himself.
choleric temperament. People of this temperament are fast, excessively mobile, unbalanced, excitable, all mental processes proceed quickly and intensively. The predominance of excitation over inhibition, characteristic of this type of nervous activity, is clearly manifested in incontinence, impulsiveness, irascibility, irritability of the choleric. Hence the expressive facial expressions, hurried speech, sharp gestures, unrestrained movements. The feelings of a person of choleric temperament are strong, usually brightly manifested, quickly arise; mood sometimes changes dramatically. The imbalance inherent in choleric is clearly associated in his activities: he gets down to business with an increase and even passion, while showing impulsiveness and speed of movements, works with enthusiasm, overcoming difficulties. But in a person with a choleric temperament, the supply of nervous energy can quickly be depleted in the process of work, and then a sharp decline in activity can occur: uplift and inspiration disappear, the mood drops sharply. In dealing with people, the choleric person allows harshness, irritability, emotional restraint, which often does not give him the opportunity to objectively evaluate the actions of people, and on this basis he creates conflict situations in the team. Excessive straightforwardness, irascibility, harshness, intolerance sometimes make it difficult and unpleasant to stay in a team of such people.
Melancholy temperament. Melancholics have slow mental processes, they hardly react to strong stimuli; Prolonged and intense stress causes slow activity in people of this temperament, and then its cessation. In work, melancholic people are usually passive, often not very interested (after all, interest is always associated with strong nervous tension). Feelings and emotional states in people of a melancholic temperament arise slowly, but differ in depth, great strength and duration; melancholic people are easily vulnerable, they can hardly endure resentment, grief, although outwardly all these experiences are expressed poorly in them. Representatives of the melancholic temperament are prone to isolation and loneliness, avoid communication with unfamiliar, new people, are often embarrassed, show great awkwardness in a new environment. Everything new, unusual causes a braking state in melancholics. But in a familiar and calm environment, people with such a temperament feel calm and work very productively. It is easy for melancholic people to develop and improve their inherent depth and stability of feelings, increased susceptibility to external influences.
It should be remembered that the division of people into four types of temperament is very conditional. There are transitional, mixed, intermediate types of temperament; often in the temperament of a person, features of different temperaments are combined. "Pure" temperaments are relatively rare.
The physiological basis of temperament is the neurodynamics of the brain, i.e. neurodynamic correlation of the cortex and subcortex. The neurodynamics of the brain is in internal interaction with the system of humoral, endocrine factors. There is no doubt that the system of endocrine glands is included among the conditions affecting temperament.
For temperament, the excitability of the subcortical centers, which are associated with the features of motility, statics and vegetatives, is undoubtedly essential. The tone of the subcortical centers and their dynamics influence both the tone of the cortex and its readiness for action. Because of the role they play in the neurodynamics of the brain, the subcortical centers undoubtedly influence temperament. But again, it would be completely wrong, emancipating the subcortex from the cortex, to turn the former into a self-sufficient factor, into the decisive basis of temperament, as tend to be done in modern foreign neurology by currents that recognize the decisive importance for the temperament of the gray matter of the ventricle and localize the "core" of the personality. in the subcortex, in the stem apparatus, in the subcortical ganglia. The subcortex and the cortex are inextricably linked with each other. Therefore, one cannot separate the first from the second. Ultimately, it is not the dynamics of the subcortex itself that is of decisive importance, but the dynamic relationship between the subcortex and the cortex, as I.P. Pavlov in his doctrine of the types of the nervous system.
The properties of the nervous system also affect resistance to neurotic factors. The origin of many diseases of the nervous system turned out to be associated with functional disorders of the normal properties of the basic nervous processes and higher nervous activity.
In the laboratory of I.P. Pavlov, it was possible to call experimental neuroses(functional disorders of the central nervous system), using an overstrain of nervous processes, which was achieved by changing the nature, strength and duration of conditioned stimuli.
Neurosis can occur:
1) with an overvoltage of the excitation process due to the use of a prolonged intense stimulus;
2) when the inhibitory process is overstrained, for example, by lengthening the period of action of differentiating stimuli or by developing subtle differentiations into very close figures, tones, etc.;
3) when the mobility of nervous processes is overstrained, for example, by converting a positive stimulus into an inhibitory one with a very rapid change in stimuli or by simultaneously converting an inhibitory conditioned reflex into a positive one.
With neuroses, a disruption of higher nervous activity occurs.. It can be expressed in a sharp predominance of either an excitatory or inhibitory process. With the predominance of excitation, inhibitory conditioned reflexes are suppressed, and motor excitation appears. With the predominance of the inhibitory process, positive conditioned reflexes are weakened, drowsiness occurs, and motor activity is limited. Neuroses are especially easily reproduced in animals with extreme types of the nervous system: weak and unbalanced, and in the first case, the excitatory process suffers more often, and in the second, the inhibitory one. They get an explanation and pictures of neurotic breakdowns in people in connection with the specific features of the typology of their higher nervous activity.
The essence of neurosis is to reduce the efficiency of nerve cells. Quite often, during neuroses, transitional (phase) states develop: leveling, paradoxical, ultraparadoxical phases. Phase states reflect violations of the law of force relations, which is characteristic of normal nervous activity.
Normally, there is a quantitative and qualitative adequacy of reflex reactions to the acting stimulus, i.e. to a stimulus of weak, medium or large strength, a weak, medium or strong reaction occurs, respectively. In neurosis, the equalizing phase state is manifested by reactions of the same severity to stimuli of different strengths, the paradoxical one - by the development of a strong reaction to a weak impact and weak reactions to strong impacts, the ultraparadoxical - by the occurrence of a reaction to an inhibitory conditioned signal and the loss of a reaction to a positive conditioned signal.
With neuroses, the inertia of the nervous processes or their rapid exhaustion develops. Functional neuroses can lead to pathological changes in various organs. For example, skin lesions such as eczema, hair loss, disruption of the digestive tract, liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, and even the occurrence of malignant neoplasms occur. Exacerbated diseases that were before the neurosis.
Temperament
Question 1: The concept and structure of temperament
Temperament - a set of individually - typological personality traits that characterize the features of the dynamics of mental activity: intensity, speed, pace and rhythm of mental processes and states, behavior and activity.
Temperament is one of the most significant personality traits. Interest in this problem arose more than two and a half thousand years ago. It was caused by the obvious existence of individual differences, which are due to the peculiarities of the biological and physiological structure and development of the organism, as well as the peculiarities of social development, the uniqueness of social ties and contacts. The biologically determined structures of personality include, first of all, temperament. Temperament determines the presence of many mental differences between people, including the intensity and stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, the pace and vigor of actions, as well as a number of other dynamic characteristics.
Despite the fact that repeated and constant attempts have been made to investigate the problem of temperament, this problem still belongs to the category of controversial and not completely resolved problems of modern psychological science. Today there are many approaches to the study of temperament. However, with all the existing variety of approaches, most researchers recognize that temperament is the biological foundation on which a person is formed as a social being, and personality traits due to temperament are the most stable and long-term.
B. M. Teplov gives the following definition of temperament: “Temperament is a set of mental characteristics characteristic of a given person associated with emotional excitability, that is, the speed of feelings, on the one hand, and their strength, on the other” (Teplov B. M ., 1985). Thus, temperament has two components - activity and emotionality.
temperament structure.
There are 3 components in the structure of temperament:
1) Activity - the intensity and speed of human interaction with the environment.
2) Emotionality - characterizes the features of the emergence, course and extinction of emotional states.
3) Motor (motor) - characterizes the features of the motor sphere, namely the rate of reaction, muscle tone, intensity, rhythm and total number of movements.
Question 2: Types of temperament, their psychological characteristics.
Temperament types:
1. Choleric - low sensitivity, high reactivity, high activity, predominance of reactivity, high pace, high emotional excitability, low anxiety, rigidity, extraversion.
2. Melancholic - high sensitivity, low reactivity, low activity, low pace, high emotional excitability, high anxiety, rigidity, introversion.
3. Phlegmatic - reduced sensitivity, low reactivity, high activity (in terms of volitional regulation), low pace, low emotional excitability, low anxiety, rigidity, introversion.
4. Sanguine - low sensitivity, high reactivity, high activity, predominance of activity, high pace, high emotional excitability, low anxiety, plasticity, extraversion.
A sanguine person is a decisive, energetic, quickly excitable, mobile, impressionable person, with a bright outward expression of emotions and their easy change.
Phlegmatic - calm, slow, with a weak manifestation of feelings, it is difficult to switch from one type of activity to another.
Choleric - quick-tempered, with a high level of activity, irritable, energetic, with strong, quickly emerging emotions, clearly reflected in speech, gestures, facial expressions.
Melancholic - has a low level of neuropsychic activity, dull, dreary, with high emotional vulnerability, suspicious, prone to gloomy thoughts and with a depressed mood, withdrawn, shy.
Question 3. The physiological basis of temperament: properties and types of higher nervous activity.
According to the teachings of IP Pavlov, the individual characteristics of behavior, the dynamics of the course of mental activity depend on individual differences in the activity of the nervous system. The basis of individual differences in nervous activity is the manifestation and correlation of the properties of the two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition.
Three properties of excitation and inhibition processes were established:
1) the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition,
2) the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition,
3) mobility (replacement) of the processes of excitation and inhibition.
The strength of nervous processes is expressed in the ability of nerve cells to endure prolonged or short-term, but very concentrated excitation and inhibition. This determines the performance (endurance) of the nerve cell.
Weakness of nervous processes is characterized by the inability of nerve cells to withstand prolonged and concentrated excitation and inhibition. Under the action of very strong stimuli, nerve cells quickly pass into a state of protective inhibition. Thus, in a weak nervous system, nerve cells are characterized by low efficiency, their energy is quickly depleted. But on the other hand, a weak nervous system has great sensitivity: even to weak stimuli, it gives an appropriate reaction.
An important property of higher nervous activity is the balance of nervous processes, that is, the proportional ratio of excitation and inhibition. In some people, these two processes are mutually balanced, while in others this balance is not observed: either the process of inhibition or excitation predominates.
One of the main properties of higher nervous activity is the mobility of nervous processes. The mobility of the nervous system is characterized by the rapidity of the processes of excitation and inhibition, the rapidity of their onset and termination (when life conditions require it), the rate of movement of nervous processes (irradiation and concentration), the rapidity of the appearance of the nervous process in response to irritation, the rapidity of the formation of new conditioned connections, the development of and dynamic stereotype changes.
Combinations of these properties of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition formed the basis for determining the type of higher nervous activity. Depending on the combination of strength, mobility and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, four main types of higher nervous activity are distinguished.
Weak type. Representatives of the weak type of the nervous system cannot withstand strong, prolonged and concentrated stimuli. Weak are the processes of inhibition and excitation. Under the action of strong stimuli, the development of conditioned reflexes is delayed. Along with this, there is a high sensitivity (i.e., a low threshold) to the actions of stimuli.
Strong balanced type. Distinguished by a strong nervous system, it is characterized by an imbalance in the basic nervous processes - the predominance of excitation processes over inhibition processes.
Strong balanced mobile type. The processes of inhibition and excitation are strong and balanced, but their speed, mobility, and rapid change of nervous processes lead to a relative instability of the nervous connections.
Strong balanced inert type. Strong and balanced nervous processes are characterized by low mobility. Representatives of this type are outwardly always calm, even, difficult to excite.
The type of higher nervous activity refers to natural higher data; this is an innate property of the nervous system. On this physiological basis, various systems of conditioned connections can be formed, i.e., in the process of life, these conditioned connections will form differently in different people: this will be the manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity. Temperament is a manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity in human activity and behavior.
Features of a person's mental activity, which determine his actions, behavior, habits, interests, knowledge, are formed in the process of a person's individual life, in the process of education. The type of higher nervous activity gives originality to human behavior, leaves a characteristic imprint on the whole appearance of a person - determines the mobility of his mental processes, their stability, but does not determine either the behavior, or actions of a person, or his beliefs, or moral principles.
Higher nervous activity (HNI) is a set of forms of activity of the higher parts of the central nervous system, providing fixture of humans and animals to the environment through appropriate behavior .
Behavior- a complex complex of various actions of the body caused by a change in external conditions or (in humans) social motives, aimed at satisfying the biological needs that have arisen in connection with this and contributing to its survival and normal functioning.
❖ The founders of the doctrine of GNI:
■THEM. Sechenov in the book "Reflexes of the Brain" (1863) explained human behavior by the reflex principle of the brain.
■ I.P. Pavlov developed methods for studying reflexes and created the doctrine of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes; he is considered the founder of the theory of higher nervous activity - the physiology of behavior. According to I.P. Pavlov, higher nervous activity is a mental activity that ensures normal complex relations of the whole organism with the outside world.
The higher nervous activity is reflex character and is provided by the work of the higher parts of the brain; in humans and mammals - work cerebral cortex along with subcortical nuclei forebrain and entities diencephalon .
Note: the concepts of the first and second signal systems, reflexes and their types, memory, forms of manifestation of unconditioned reflexes, as well as the conditions and mechanisms for the formation of conditioned reflexes, the main types of inhibition and memory, methods of individual learning apply to both humans and animals and are considered in paragraph "".
❖ Features of the formation and manifestation of conditioned reflexes in humans:
■ specialization (each conditioned reflex is developed to a specific stimulus);
■ generalization (conditional stimuli that are similar in nature cause the same unconditioned reaction).
❖The role of the cerebral cortex of the brain in providing human GNI:
■ bark - the analytical center of signals coming from the senses;
■ in the cortex there is a formation of various sensations;
■ arcs of conditioned reflexes close in the cortex;
■ the cortex provides mental activity of a person, his consciousness, abstract thinking, memory and speech;
■ the cortex is an organ for acquiring and accumulating life experience.
❖ Higher nervous activity of a person significantly different from the GNI of animals, since based on both the first and second signal systems « » . It is the basis of mental activity - consciousness, thinking and etc.
■ First signal system characteristic of animals and humans; its stimuli are specific signals, objects and phenomena of the external world, coming through the senses. In humans, it provides concrete thinking.
■ Second signal system is characteristic only for a person, is associated with speech and is formed in the course of interpersonal communication on the basis of information received in the form of words, signs, formulas. Provides abstract thinking .
One of the manifestations of higher nervous activity is rational activity man and animals.
Reasoning activity- this is the highest form of adaptation to environmental conditions and their changes, expressed in the ability catch patterns linking objects and phenomena of the environment, and on their basis anticipate change environment and consider them in their behavior. The higher the level of development of the nervous system, the deeper and more effective the rational activity.
Psyche- a set of brain functions that reflect the phenomena of the external and internal world of a person; the ability of a highly developed brain to create image of reality , perceived as something separate from the object that creates this image.
The mental activity of the brain has a reflex character.
The psyche is in unity with somatic (bodily) processes and is characterized by activity, integrity, development, self-regulation, communication, adaptation, etc.
Sensation, Perception, Attention, Imagination
In concept consciousness (which is the highest manifestation of the psyche, see below) cognitive processes are turned on, with the help of which a person constantly replenishes, enriches his knowledge: sensation, perception, attention, imagination, memory, thinking.
Feeling- an elementary, reflex in nature, psychophysiological process, which consists in the reflection by the brain of objects and phenomena when they act on the receptors of the sense organs; this is the first stage in the knowledge of the world.
Feelings happen visual, auditory, cutaneous (tactile), gustatory and others. In different areas of the brain, processing and analysis of individual signs of the stimulus takes place. This information is combined, and in the associative areas of the cortex, its complex assessment takes place and responses to the stimulus are formed.
■ Only individual qualities and properties of an object are reflected in sensations, but the image of the object as a whole does not arise.
■ Feelings depend on the individual characteristics of a person. Examples: ear for music, the ability to distinguish subtle shades of color or smell).
■ When an object is perceived by receptors with different functions, sensations may be distorted (example: cold tea seems sweeter than the same, but hot tea).
Perception- this is a reflection of objects or phenomena as a whole in the human brain in the form of sensations, images or verbal symbols in those moments when they act on the senses. Those. perception is the formation of a mental image of an object from the totality of individual sensations, an idea of the object as a whole.
The formation of perception begins with the stimulation of the receptors of several sensory systems by the observed group of objects and ends in the higher parts of the central nervous system. There, first, the information related to each individual attribute of each of the objects is processed, then in other areas of the brain this information is analyzed and combined into complexes related to the same object. Finally, in the associative areas of the cortex, these complexes of information are compared with information stored in memory, integrated, generalized and evaluated; Based on this assessment, a response to stimuli is developed.
Illusion of perception- an assessment of the perceived object distorted by the senses (an example is optical illusions).
In order for an object, phenomenon, event to be perceived, it is necessary that they cause an orienting reaction, attract Attention .
Attention- a psychophysiological process that manifests itself in focus on something . It is based on the phenomenon dominants- creation of a stable focus of excitation. Without attention, sensation is possible, but not perception; the more attention is attracted by an object or event, the more likely it is that this object or event will be perceived. Attention is the basis and necessary condition for learning.
❖ Types of attention: involuntary and arbitrary.
involuntary attention attracted by an unexpected, bright, strong stimulus.
Arbitrary attention is directed by the volitional effort of a person, a consciously set goal.
Attention can be controlled; it can be trained and improved.
Scattered attention- lack of proper concentration on the object being examined, associated with increased distractibility to foreign objects.
Imagination- creation of images of new objects and phenomena by recreating combinations of previously reproduced objects and phenomena stored in human memory. Imagination is inherent only to people and underlies creativity.
Features of human memory
Memory- the process of accumulation, storage and subsequent reproduction by a person of past experience (information). Memory is the basis of thinking. Without it, training, preservation of experience and consolidation of newly mastered forms of behavior is impossible.
Physiological mechanism of memory(most plausible hypothesis ): memory is explained by a change in the nature of the connections between the neurons of the brain. Namely, prolonged action of stimuli on receptors causes the same prolonged circulation of electrical impulses in the nervous structures of the brain, which leads to an increase in the number of protein receptors and synaptic contacts in the dendrites of brain neurons, an increase in the synthesis of mediators, etc. This, in turn, leads to the formation, accumulation and strengthening of temporary connections between neurons in the cerebral cortex, forming a "trace" ( engram ) information, i.e. to her memory. Over time, these temporary connections, if they are not used by memory for a long time, are gradually destroyed.
■ The neurons of the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex, the limbic system, the cerebellum and the thalamus are involved in memorizing, storing and retrieving information from memory.
Important feature of memory: a person is unable to remember the information that comes to him in all details, but remembers it only in the main, general (but at the subconscious level, many details that seemed insignificant can be remembered).
The classification of memory depending on the storage time of information is considered in the paragraph "Animal Behavior".
❖ Classification of memory depending on the type of stored information: procedural and declarative memory.
❖ procedural memory stores acquired skills (see below), i.e. information on how to do it. Example of procedural memory − motor memory.
■ motor memory- this is the memorization and reproduction of movements; developed in athletes, dancers.
❖ Declarative memory stores information about past events and knowledge gained by a person. Thanks to declarative memory, a person remembers the names of his loved ones, their faces, phone numbers and birthdays, and the multiplication table. Separate types of declarative memory are emotional, semantic and figurative memory.
■ emotional memory preserves the feelings experienced by a person; developed in all people.
■ semantic memory- this is the memorization, preservation and reproduction of read, heard and spoken words; developed in actors, singers.
■ figurative memory- this is the memorization of visual and sound images; developed by musicians, writers and artists.
Skill- this is the ability acquired by exercises or created by habit to perform a certain sequence of actions necessary to obtain the desired result (skills of walking, swimming, skating, writing, reading, etc.).
Dream
Dream- a special vital, periodically occurring physiological state of rest of the body, characterized by switching off consciousness, immobility, almost complete absence of reactions to external stimuli, a decrease in heart rate and metabolic rate, as well as a special organization of the activity of brain neurons.
The duration of sleep in adults is on average 7-8 hours, in newborns 21 hours.
Sleep is one of the phases of the circadian biorhythm, protective inhibition, in which the brain passes into a different state, characterized by the absence of active connections of the organism with the environment, inhibition of conditioned reflexes and a significant weakening of unconditioned ones. At the same time, the brain stem sections continue to work, providing the vital functions of the body (respiration, blood circulation, etc.).
Sleep phases. Normal sleep consists of 4-6 cycles, regularly replacing each other. Each cycle consists of two phases: slow (slow wave) and REM sleep .
Slow (or orthodox, deep) sleep occurs immediately after falling asleep and lasts 1-1.5 hours. It is characterized by the presence of a high-amplitude slow rhythm of brain activity ( delypa-rhythm registered on the electroencephalogram), more rare breathing, a decrease in heart rate, muscle relaxation, a decrease in intensively-' i n metabolism and body temperature, the absence of rapid movements of the eyeballs. Dreams are absent or fragmentary and dim. Leading is the parasympathetic innervation. Possible conversations in a dream, night terrors in children and sleepwalking (iunatizm). A person can quickly wake up under the action of important stimuli for him, but may not wake up from strong, but habitual and indifferent stimuli for him.
■ Slow-wave sleep is unique to humans.
REM (or paradoxical, superficial) sleep is the phase of dreams; it comes after the phase of slow sleep and lasts 15-20 minutes, after which the phase of slow sleep begins again. By morning, the duration of REM sleep increases to 30 minutes; the total duration of periods of REM sleep is 20-25% of the total duration of sleep. REM sleep is characterized by increased heart rate and respiration, increased metabolism, increased body temperature, impulsive contractions of the muscles of the limbs and facial muscles, and eye movement under closed eyelids. Dreams during REM sleep are vivid, realistic, emotional, often accompanied by sound and olfactory images. During this phase of sleep, neurons in the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex are excited. The leading is the sympathetic innervation. 
❖Theories explaining the mechanism of sleep. The nature of sleep is not fully understood. It is known that various structures of the central nervous system are involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness: the brainstem, hypothalamus, basal nuclei of the forebrain, pineal gland, etc. Currently, there are several theories explaining the occurrence of sleep by various reasons. These theories can be divided into two classes:
■ passive theories , according to which sleep occurs as a result of a decrease in the level of wakefulness, and
■ active theories , according to which sleep occurs as a result of inhibition of the wakefulness center of the diencephalon.
Deafferentation theory(belongs to the class of passive) states that the state of wakefulness is maintained due to the constant influx of nerve impulses from sensory neurons (afferent impulses) into the cerebral cortex. Sleep comes when this flow weakens. When a person is in silence and closes his eyes, this contributes to the onset of sleep.
metabolic theory claims that during active wakefulness, metabolic products accumulate in the blood, which have a depressing effect on the cerebral cortex and cause sleep. During sleep, these substances are destroyed, the activity of the cortex is restored, and awakening occurs.
Nerve Center Theories (or Regulatory Theories) the alternation of wakefulness and sleep is explained by a change in the activity of various nerve centers that control the work of the cerebral cortex. When these nerve centers inhibit the processes of excitation in the cortex, sleep sets in; the activating effect of these centers on the cortex contributes to awakening.
■ According to some versions of the regulatory theory, these centers are located in the hypothalamus (the anterior nuclei of the hypothalamus are the centers of sleep, the posterior nuclei are the centers of wakefulness), in the diencephalon, etc.
Reticular theory(one of the regulatory theories; currently considered the closest to the truth) claims that the most important regulator of cortical activity is reticular formation (see below) hindbrain. When its sleep-control cells are electrically stimulated, the experimental animal falls asleep, and when its wake-control cells are electrically stimulated, the sleeping animal wakes up and becomes alert.
Reticular formation- this is a cluster of neurons of different sizes and shapes, separated by many nerve fibers passing in different directions; located in the pons of the hindbrain and continues into the medulla oblongata and midbrain.
❖ Sleep Meaning:
■ during sleep, additional processing, redistribution and memorization of information received by the body during wakefulness takes place in the brain;
■ sleep helps the body adapt to the cyclic change of day and night,
■ sleep ensures the restoration of mental and physical performance due to the fact that during sleep the cells and tissues of the body receive a certain degree of independence and can carry out local self-regulation; when a person is deprived of sleep, his attention, memory are disturbed, emotions are dulled, his ability to work decreases; sleep deprivation for a long time can cause mental illness;
■ from an evolutionary point of view, sleep is a favorable adaptation that provides an increase in the level of organization of physiological systems in higher animals and humans.
dreams
dreams- these are more or less vivid and complex events, pictures, living images, etc. that occur in a sleeping person and are the product of the activity of nerve cells that remain active during sleep.
■ It is believed that dreams are accompanied by the appearance of high-frequency oscillations in the electroencephalogram of a sleeping person.
■ The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was the first to undertake a systematic study of the role of dreams.
The main function of dreams- reducing the emotional stress that a person has during the day.
The nature of dreams is determined by past experience, mental activity and the emotional and physical state of a person. It is caused by the spontaneous occurrence and change of combinations of realistic or distorted images extracted from memory of actually occurred and desired events and phenomena of the outside world, as well as conscious and unconscious internal conflicts, which can be superimposed by other images due to the current state of the body (for example, difficulty breathing in sleep). , illness, etc.) and signals from stimuli entering the brain during sleep.
Sleep hygiene
Prolonged forced sleep deprivation is intolerable to the human body.
Sleep disturbance most often appears as insomnia.
❖Causes of insomnia: lack of physical fatigue during physical inactivity; violation of the normal daily rhythm (night work, evening entertainment, etc.); information overload (cinema, television, theater), emotional overexcitation, etc.
❖ Prevention of sleep disorders:
■ it is necessary to go to bed and get up at the same time and day (which contributes to the development of an appropriate conditioned reflex):
■ for some time before going to bed, you should not do hard mental work, play noisy outdoor games, etc. that excite the nervous system;
■ before going to bed it is useful to take a walk in the fresh air and take a warm shower;
■ habits that have developed throughout life (for example, one needs a hearty dinner, others, on the contrary, need to go to bed on an empty stomach) contribute to quick falling asleep;
■ the bed should be flat and hard enough, the pillow should be small.
The biological clock
The biological clock is a set of processes in a living organism that serves for the unconscious measurement of time and provides rhythmic changes in physiological functions. The nature of the biological clock has not yet been established.
Experiments prove the existence of a biological clock, during which the body is isolated from the external environment and kept for a long time at constant light, temperature, humidity, etc. It turns out that under these conditions, the daily rhythms in animals and humans are preserved, although they are somewhat confused - their period increases to 25-27 hours. This indicates that under natural conditions, cyclical processes in the environment (day and night) "adjust" the internal biological clock.
biological rhythms
biological rhythms- regular periodic changes in the speed and intensity of biological processes and the state of the body caused by them.
Classification of biorhythms depending on their source:
■ exogenous associated with periodic changes in external factors - the change of day and night, seasonal climate changes, lunar phases, etc.;
■ endogenous arising on the basis of the peculiarities of the kinetics of physicochemical processes occurring in the body itself.
❖ Classification of biorhythms depending on the duration of their period:
■ circadian(or circadian, circadian) - rhythms, the period of which is approximately 24 hours; examples, the rhythm of motor activity (during the day a person actively moves, and sleeps at night), the rhythm of body temperature (during the day it is on average 0.5-1 ° higher than at night), etc .;
■ ultradian- rhythms with a period of less than 24 hours; example: the rhythm of the stomach, intestines and digestive glands (with three meals a day, their work intensifies three times during the day), etc .;
■ infradian- rhythms with a period of more than 24 hours: seasonal, etc.
Consciousness and thinking
Consciousness- the most important property and product psyche , the highest function of the human brain, its ability to adequately reflect all aspects of reality and use mental activity for the directed regulation of human behavior, which determines its (Human) relationship with the outside world, as well as for variable planning, subsequent evaluation of the results of such behavior, cognitive
■ In a relatively primitive, undeveloped form, consciousness is characteristic of animals.
■ In a person in the process of his social evolution and on the basis of the need for communication, transfer of experience and accumulated knowledge with the help of sounds, gestures, symbols, signs, consciousness has acquired the most highly developed form.
■ One of the most important functions of consciousness is the implementation of cognitive processes.
Thinking- a psychophysiological process that allows to carry out cognitive functions without direct contact with environmental objects; characteristic of humans and (to a small extent) of higher primates.
At the heart of thinking is the process of constant analysis of a huge amount of information coming from the external environment through the senses and from the subconscious functional level of SEE - memory, etc.
From a physiological point of view, thinking is based on hi complex processes associated with the propagation of nerve impulses along certain neural pathways in the brain! of a person and with the processing of these impulses in the bodies of neurons: combining impulses, switching them, isolating the strongest impulse, etc.
Human consciousness and thinking reflect reality in an abstract form - in representations, judgments, concepts, speech is associated with thinking (see below).
Bilateral(hemispheric) brain organization means that each of the hemispheres is responsible for its own way of thinking: left
the hemisphere processes information analytically and sequentially and is therefore able to use abstract (abstract) concepts, right
the hemisphere processes information simultaneously and holistically and therefore is able to use only images of objects; plays an important role in the process of thinking. 
Ways of thinking characteristic of a person: visual-figurative thinking and verbal-logical thinking.
Visual-figurative thinking- thinking based on the analysis, comparison and generalization of various mental images of objects, phenomena, events. Provided right hemisphere of the brain.
Verbal-logical thinking- the ability to think in terms of abstract concepts. Provided leftist hemisphere of the brain.
Speech and language
Speech- a psychophysiological process that is realized in the ability of a person to exchange information with other people using a complex system of sound ( oral speech) "mi visual ( written speech) signs. It arose from the details of a person to communicate, transfer and receive knowledge.
Prerequisites for the appearance of sound speech: development and improvement of the larynx, lower jaw, tongue, individual muscles of the head and neck.
❖Speech functions: communicative and semantic (basic), abstractions and generalizations.
■ Communicative function: speech is a means of communication between people; with its help, people exchange information - transfer knowledge, commands, impressions to each other.
■ Semantic function: speech is a means of expressing thoughts, their formation and development
■ Distraction function: speech allows you to gain new knowledge about objects and phenomena without referring to them directly.
■ Generalization function: many words of speech denote not one specific object, but entire groups of objects (cars, birds, animals, etc.), therefore, having an idea about one object of this group, a person can generalize it to all the others.
❖ Speech classification depending on the recipient:
■ external speech- speech addressed to an explicit or implicit interlocutor; with the help of such speech, people can exchange information. This speech is oral - in the form dialogue or monologue - and written;
■ inner speech- a mental conversation of a person with himself (it is formed in children at the age of about three years on the basis of external monologue speech).
❖ Physiologically the process of reproduction, perception and understanding of the meaning of speech is controlled by nerve centers located mainly in the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes cortex of the left hemisphere brain. On the basis of speech, a second signaling system is formed.
■ Broca's area(named after the scientist who discovered it; located in the frontal lobe of the cortex of the left hemisphere) ensures the formation of the correct movements of the muscles of the larynx, tongue, lips for pronunciation words; when it is damaged (for example, as a result of a stroke), a person understands the meaning of words, but cannot pronounce them, while retaining the ability to reproduce melodies without words and scream.
■ Wernicke's area(located in the temporal lobe of the cortex of the left hemisphere) provides understanding meanings of spoken words, and recollection necessary words; if this zone is damaged, a person ceases to distinguish words and loses the ability to make meaningful speech.
■ The perception of written speech is carried out first by the occipital, then by the parietal and, finally, by the temporal lobes of the cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain.
Pronunciation of sounds consists of two processes - phonations and articulations .
■ Phonation- the process of formation of a "clear sound" (for example, "aaaaaa") in the larynx: the exhaled air passes through the glottis, causing the vocal cords to vibrate, and then through the relaxed oral cavity. The tension force of the vocal cords can be changed with the help of special muscles, while changing the frequency of the reproduced sound.
■ Articulation- the process of modifying a “pure sound” by changing the configuration of the oral cavity (examples: stretching out the lips, a person turns the sound “ah-ah” into the sound “oh-oh-oh”; closing and opening the lips, raising the tongue to the palate, the person pronounces consonants).
Language- this is a complex system of visual signs or sound signals that obeys certain rules of combination, which allows a person to designate objects and phenomena of the surrounding world. There are more than 5,000 languages in the world, each of which has a specific vocabulary and grammatical structure.
Learning
Learning is an adaptive change in individual behavior as a result of acquiring life experience.
The main forms of learning: non-associative, associative, cognitive.
■ non-associative learning- change in behavior as a result of repeated action of the stimulus: imprinting, habituation, imitation . These ways of learning are characteristic of both humans and animals.
■ Associative learning is based on the formation of a stable connection (association) between two stimuli; characteristic of man and (in some ways) of animals. Associative learning includes the development of conditioned reflexes.
■ cognitive learning- change in behavior as a result mental prediction of future events . It is typical for humans and (to some extent) for higher primates. (Examples: knowing about the possible very unpleasant consequences, a person does not perform certain actions, even if they can bring him a short-term insignificant benefit; explaining to a person the error of his actions may prompt him to change his behavior, abandoning an established habit.)
Creation
Creation- this is an activity that generates qualitatively new, never-before-existing products of social significance (the discovery of new patterns in science, the invention of new technology, the creation of works of art, etc.). Creativity is the hallmark of the human mind.
For the act of creativity, a special preparedness of the organism is necessary, the full concentration and focus of all attention and thoughts of a person on solving a specific problem for a more or less long period of time. Then, as a rule, the creative dominant of conscious thinking passes to the unconscious level, where it can exist for a long time (hours, days, months, years), constantly and actively selecting from memory and analyzing everything necessary to solve the problem, enriching itself and gradually maturing taking into account new knowledge, associations, impressions, accumulated experience, etc. The moment of conjecture, discovery is perceived by a person as a bright, suddenly emerging state of consciousness that cannot be foreseen; it is involuntary and as if by accident. An important element of creativity intuition .
Intuition- one of the types of thinking, a feature of which is the ability of a person to instantly, without resorting to detailed logical reasoning, find a way to solve a particular complex problem.
Intuition is based on rich life experience, which allows the unconscious form of a person's higher nervous activity to analyze a huge amount of information almost instantly, assess the situation and give the only right decision to consciousness.
Emotions
Emotions- subjective reactions (experiences) of a person, to which his attitude to the world around him (to people, their actions, to any phenomena) and to himself is manifested, their subjective assessment is given.
Emotions are divided into positive (joy, delight, pleasure, satisfaction, etc.) and negative (anger, horror, fear, sadness, disgust, etc.).
Positive emotions- emotions in which the brain structures are in such an active state that encourages to strengthen, prolong or repeat this state.
negative emotions- emotions in which the brain structures are in an active state, prompting to end - or weaken this state and prevent its recurrence.
Emotions are accompanied by:
■activation of the nervous system and release of hormones or other biologically active substances (example: with negative emotions, adrenalin - adrenal hormone); physiological changes during emotions mobilize the body, bringing it into a state of readiness for effective activity or protection;
■ characteristic expressive movements - gestures, facial expressions, intonation, a change in gait, etc., not depending on the nationality and level of culture of a person. These movements serve to signal other individuals about their state, i.e. are a means of communication between people. They evoke emotional responses in other people, which is used in education, acting, and teaching.
The difference between expressive movements and vegetative reactions: expressive movements can be controlled by human consciousness.
■ One of the main tasks of education - teaching a person a certain culture of behavior , suggesting restraint in the expressive manifestation of one's emotions.
❖ Physiological nature of emotions: the highest centers of emotions are located in the cerebral cortex (especially in its temporal and frontal lobes) and in the diencephalon (in the hypothalamus). The frontal lobe activates or inhibits emotions; in patients with damaged frontal lobes, emotional instability occurs. Irritation of the structures of the diencephalon by electric current leads to external manifestations of emotions.
❖ Types of emotional states: actually emotions, moods, feelings, affects, passions.
■ Actually emotions(joy, fear, jealousy, etc.) are short-term emotional states that arise under the influence of specific conditions that have been created.
■ Mood- this is a long-term (hours, days) change in the general emotional state.
■ Feeling- stable, long-term (weeks, months, years), independent of the state of the body and the visually perceived situation, the emotional attitude of a person to other people, social and natural phenomena of reality (love for a person, duty to the family, a sense of honor, a sense of beauty, etc.). d.).
■ Affect- an emotional state that quickly and violently takes possession of a person and has the character of a short-term outbreak (rage, anger, despair, etc.); most often occurs in response to a sharp change in important life circumstances for a person, when a person is not able to find a quick and correct way out.
■ Passion- strong absolutely dominant an emotional state that directs all the thoughts and activities of a person to achieve the goal.
Individual. Individuality. Personality
Individual is a person as a representative of a biological species Homo sapiens , which has a constitution common to the species (highly developed brain, upright posture, adaptability of hands to work, etc.), regardless of its specific individual characteristics.
Individuality- this is a specific person, a person in his originality, with a complex of traits inherent in him (appearance, abilities, temperament, character , health, stamina, etc.) that distinguish him from all other people. Individuality can manifest itself with varying degrees of severity in one, several or all spheres of mental activity at once - intellectual, emotional, volitional.
Capabilities- a complex of individual properties and characteristics of a person, ensuring the successful implementation of various types of activities, the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities. Abilities are not innate, they develop in the course of an individual's life. The highest levels of development of abilities - talent and genius .
Temperament- human traits that characterize his individual type of activity, the degree of severity of motor manifestations and the level of his emotionality.
Character- a set of stable features of a person's mental life, which are manifested in his typical ways of behavior - in manners, habits, in relation to ongoing events.
❖ Main character traits:
■ general traits: adherence to principles, consistency, courage, cowardice, honesty, discipline, activity, etc.;
■ features expressing a person's attitude towards other people sociability, isolation, frankness, secrecy, sensitivity, friendliness, politeness, arrogance, etc .;
■ features expressing man's attitude towards himself self-esteem, modesty, conceit, arrogance, resentment, shyness, selfishness, etc .;
■ features, expressing the attitude of a person to work , to their work: initiative, perseverance, diligence, laziness, conscientiousness, fear of difficulties or the desire to overcome them, etc.
Personality- this is a person as a biosocial being, as a subject of social relations and conscious activity, as a member of society, possessing a system of unique features that determine the train of thought and conscious behavior characteristic of a given person, his attitude towards other people and their communities. A person is not born as a person, they become a person.
The emergence of personality occurs in the process of joint activity of the individual with other individuals.
Personality structure: personality is characterized activity , spiritual and organic needs, individuality, self-awareness, interests, intellect, will, etc.
Personal activity- the desire of a person to go beyond what has been achieved, to expand the scope of his activity, to act beyond the boundaries of the requirements of the situation.
spiritual needs- the desire for knowledge, creativity, the perception of beauty.
organic needs- needs that reflect the physiological needs of the human body (needs for air, food, water, procreation, etc.); are present in both humans and animals.
Personal orientation- this is a system of motives (interests, beliefs, ideals, etc.), in which the needs of a person manifest themselves, determining his consciousness and behavior.
motives- certain, internal conscious needs (reasons, occasions, etc.) that guide human activity.
Some historically established ideas about the main motive of an individual's actions:
■ the desire for pleasure (the doctrine of hedonism; developed in antiquity);
■ performance of duty (according to I. Kant);
■ sexual desire (according to 3. Freud).
Interests- these are conscious manifestations (in the form of thoughts, aspirations, actions) of the predominant, most important, significant, attractive needs.
Immediate Interest has a direct relationship with some need.
Indirect interest assumes that in order to satisfy the target priority need, one or more intermediate needs must first be satisfied (example: to enter the medical university, you must study the school biology course well).
Intelligence- a complex concept that characterizes a person's ability to think, cognize; the ability to see what others do not notice; the ability to pose problems and solve them; the ability to process information in a special, individual way, etc.
Will- the ability of a person to consciously and purposefully regulate their activities.
Self-awareness of the individual- a mental image of one's own self; understanding of oneself, one's meaning, role in life, human society.
❖ Components of a person's self-awareness:
■ cognitive- an image of one's qualities, abilities, appearance, social significance, etc.;
■ emotional- self-esteem: self-esteem, selfishness, self-abasement, etc.;
■ evaluative-volitional- the desire to increase self-esteem, gain respect, etc.
The formation of personality occurs as a result of resolving problems and contradictions that arise in the process of interaction with the surrounding social environment. Participation plays an important role in personality development. teachers .
❖ Phases of personality development: adaptation, individualization, integration.
Adaptation(first phase): assimilation to other members of the community, assimilation of their own methods and nature of communication, value systems, norms of behavior, etc.
Individualization(second phase) occurs when an individual seeks to achieve maximum personalization and establish himself in society as a worthy and respected member by all, mobilizing all his resources. Implemented through self-actualization and creativity (see above).
Self-actualization- a person's desire for the fullest possible manifestation and development of their personal capabilities; is one of the main stimuli for personal development.
Integration(the third phase of personality development) - a positive perception of the activity of the individual by society and an increase in its (personality) status. Otherwise, disintegration occurs - the alienation of the individual by society, and if the individual does not make attempts to restore himself, the degradation of the individual occurs.
❖ Social factors that influence the biological nature of a person lead to acceleration (media retardation .
Retardation- slowing down the aging process.
