The period of Khrushchev's reign is called. Khrushchev's thaw
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev went down in the history of the USSR and Russia as the most controversial ruler who influenced the development of new directions in the foreign and domestic policy of the USSR and carried out several reforms during the decade of his rule.
Domestic policy Khrushchev
Stalin's death in 1953 led to a behind-the-scenes struggle for a place on the “throne,” but the post of first secretary went to Khrushchev. At the 20th Congress (1956) he delivered a report that received worldwide resonance. The main topic was the exposure of Stalin with a list of a number of crimes of the 30s-50s. and harsh criticism of his repression. The beginning of de-Stalinization and democratization has been made.
Khrushchev's reforms
De-Stalinization had, however, neither consistency nor integrity. According to Khrushchev, it consisted of condemning the cult of Stalin and establishing party control over the punitive authorities. There was a restoration of law and order, legality and constitutional rights of citizens.
Khrushchev's reforms continued - the ruling party was restructured: democratization, changes in the conditions for admission to it, expansion of rights local organizations and union republics. In 1957, the rights of the peoples deported by Stalin were restored. New bodies of public self-government are emerging, etc.
Management reform
An attempt to switch to economic methods of management led to a more complex management structure and an increase in the number of officials. In 1962, the most unsuccessful of the reforms was undertaken: the specialization of party organizations (industrial and rural). The country was divided into 105 economic regions.
Agrarian reform
Khrushchev's reforms began with agriculture. Since 1953, the economic position of collective farms has been strengthened, and the amount of agricultural tax has been reduced. Farms were provided with loans, received new technology. In the mid-50s, their wholesale consolidation began - their transformation into state farms. Then economic councils were created.
The peasants were issued passports and were given a pension.
The corn epic also became part of Khrushchev’s image - following the example of the United States, this crop began to be intensively planted everywhere, even where it, in principle, could not grow (right up to the Far North!).
In 1954, a development campaign began. A sharp jump followed with unprecedented harvests; for the first time in the post-war years, the purchase price of grain increased. But erosion destroyed virgin soils. The non-chernozem center fell into complete decline.
Khrushchev's military reforms
After coming to power, he took the direction of raising the defense and heavy industries. The SA and the fleet received nuclear missile weapons. In terms of military power, the USSR reaches parity with the United States. The direction towards peaceful coexistence of states of different social systems is considered.
Social reform
After the adoption of the law on the payment of pensions to peasants, it was decided to abolish tuition fees for eight years of education and became mandatory. Established in particular - a 6-hour working day for teenagers 16 years old.
The housing stock is actively expanding. Housing construction is based on industrial methods. The country's housing stock is increasing by 40% over the seven-year period! True, construction was carried out in a style that went down in history as “Khrushchev”, but the housing crisis disappeared.
School reform led to a unified eight-year school. Those wishing to receive complete secondary education had to continue their studies at a secondary polytechnic school (in a vocational school, in an evening or correspondence school).
Khrushchev's foreign policy
External relations in those days they developed in the style of traditional Bolshevik politics. The main direction of foreign policy was the strengthening of security systems along all borders.
Contacts with foreign countries are being actively renewed, and positive reviews about other countries are appearing in the press. Trade relations are expanding. This entails mutual benefit, because Western countries receive a wide range of products for their products.
The launch of the first satellite in 1957 had a significant impact on the global situation; a new space era began. Khrushchev, a supporter of Korolev, supports his idea to overtake the Americans in space exploration.
This changed the prioritization; now the West was in the crosshairs of the USSR’s intercontinental missiles.
In 1961 The Berlin Ultimatum was delivered, in which Khrushchev demanded the construction of a wall between West and East Berlin. Huge response from the world community. After the “Berlin crisis”, another one is flaring up, the so-called. "Caribbean" or "missile crisis". Kennedy tried to seize Cuba, to which the USSR was providing economic and now military assistance, sending there military and technical advisers, various types weapons. Including missiles, which threatened the United States with a strike. Kennedy demanded that missiles not be unloaded in Cuba, and Khrushchev accepted these demands.
Kennedy's assassination led to the need to establish contact with President Johnson. But accusations of voluntarism were brought against Khrushchev, and he was dismissed. The attempt to cut benefits and privileges for civil servants also ruined him. Under Khrushchev, an authoritarian system developed in the USSR, however, the foundations of the command-administrative system were strengthened.
He was one of the most controversial leaders at the helm of power in the Soviet Union. The years of his reign are assessed both positively and negatively. “The Khrushchev Thaw” - this is the definition of 1953-1964. of the last century can be found in historical chronicles describing the reforms and political activities of Khrushchev. Although this “thaw” did not affect all spheres of life of the Soviet people, in many ways the situation only worsened. To this day, historians discuss and argue about his failures and victories.
Brief biography
Biography of N.S. Khrushchev's life begins on April 15, 1984, when he appeared in a miner's family living in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk province. The family barely made ends meet, and little Nikita had to work since childhood in order to somehow help his parents. There was time to study only in the winter. Before starting his political career, Khrushchev had the opportunity to work as a shepherd, mechanic, and miner.
In 1918 he joined the ranks of the Communist Party. Participated in Civil War under the banners of the Red Army. From this time his path in politics to the Chairman of the CPSU Central Committee began:
He was married twice (according to unofficial data - three times). The marriage with his second wife Nina Petrovna Kukharchuk was officially registered only in 1965, although their life together began in 1924.
Awarded:
- Hero of the Soviet Union;
- three times Hero of Socialist Labor;
- Order of Lenin;
- Order of the Red Banner of Labor;
- Order of Suvorov I and II degrees;
- medals.
Coming to power
In March 1953, the leader of all times and peoples, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, passed away. And while crowds from all corners of the vast country flocked to his coffin, a serious struggle began in the government for the vacant seat between N.S. Khrushchev and Lavrentiy Beria.
With the support of G.M. Malenkov and Marshal of the Soviet Union Zhukov, Khrushchev initiated the removal of Beria from all posts, his arrest and subsequent execution. And already in the fall of September 7, 1953, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was elected first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and took the helm of the country’s power. This came as a surprise to many, since everyone was accustomed to considering him a simpleton who did not have his own opinion and blindly followed all Stalin’s orders and supported him in everything.
A series of successful and frankly stupid ones has begun., sometimes curious, decisions and reforms - this is how we can briefly characterize the years of Khrushchev’s reign.
Military reform brought the Soviet Union nuclear missile weapons and a strengthened defense industry. And at the same time - a reduction in the personnel of the armed forces, a weakening of the fleet by the destruction of large-tonnage ships for scrap.
Nikita Sergeevich did not ignore education either. The school reform was to introduce compulsory 8-year basic education. To obtain secondary education, it was possible to attend a secondary polytechnic school.
During the Khrushchev era, persecution and oppression of the church intensified.
Dissatisfaction in all layers of society with such management of the country grew in geometric progression. And everything positive and good that he did during his years in power was more than destroyed by his mistakes. Khrushchev's domestic policy failed.
Foreign policy under Khrushchev
Historians date Khrushchev’s first mistakes as a leader to the period of his Ukrainian rule during the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War. It was he who was responsible for a number of major failures and defeats on the territory of Ukraine during military operations. Having become the head of the USSR, his mistakes became more global. They explain this by his incompetence, short-sightedness as a politician and personal ambitions.
Khrushchev's foreign policy is characterized by a large number of contrasts and contradictions. The report on exposing Stalin's policies worsened, or rather even nullified, relations with his closest ally, China. In Hungary, an attempt to overthrow the communist regime ended with the introduction of the USSR Armed Forces into its territory and the brutal suppression of the uprising.
At the same time, Khrushchev actively tried to establish contacts with the United States and Western countries. He understood perfectly well that the Cold War was dangerous and could lead to a new one. world war. In 1959, he was the first Soviet leader to travel to the United States and personally held talks with President Eisenhower there. And yet, it was Khrushchev who initiated the Berlin and Caribbean crises. The first result was the construction Berlin Wall in 1961. The second almost led to the start of a nuclear world war.
In 1954, the autonomous Crimean region was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR. Historians to this day have not found a logical explanation for this act. Either in this way he wanted to find support among the Ukrainian leadership, or he was trying to make amends for the mass repressions carried out during his reign there. But what this led to can be observed now.
Khrushchev's resignation
A natural result of such domestic and foreign policies of N.S. Khrushchev's resignation was the result of another conspiracy by his opponents, this time successful.
In October 1964, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was resting calmly when, on the 14th, the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee decided on his resignation from the post of Chairman, and a day later on his removal from the post of head of state. This time there was no support from loyal comrades, just as it was not forthcoming from either the army or the KGB. Khrushchev's resignation took place quietly and calmly, without bloodshed or unrest. Became the head of state Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, who was at the head of the conspiracy.
The removal of Khrushchev caused wariness among Western leaders; it was unknown what to expect from the new Kremlin protege. But the fears were not justified and the “new” Stalin did not come.
Nikita Sergeevich himself lived out his life calmly, recorded his memoirs on a dictaphone and died of a heart attack on September 11, 1971. He became the first Soviet leader, who retired alive.
Born on April 17, 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, now Dmitrievsky district, Kursk region, in a working-class family. Russian. Member of the CPSU(b)/CPSU since 1918. Participant in the Civil War, then in economic and party work in Ukraine. He graduated from the workers' school and studied at the Industrial Academy in 1929. Since 1931, at party work in Moscow, since 1935 - 1st Secretary of the Moscow Committee and the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Since 1938 - 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine.
During the Great Patriotic War N.S. Khrushchev is a member of the military councils of the South-Western direction, South-Western, Stalingrad, Southern, Voronezh, 1st Ukrainian fronts. February 12, 1943 to N.S. Khrushchev assigned military rank"Lieutenant General"
In 1944-47 - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (since 1946 - Council of Ministers) of the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1947 - 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. Since 1949 - Secretary of the Central Committee and 1st Secretary of the Moscow Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
Since March 1953 N.S. Khrushchev - Secretary and from September 1953 to October 14, 1964 - 1st Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
Khrushchev’s ascent to the pinnacle of power after the death of I.V. Stalin was accompanied by a request from him and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR G.M. Malenkov to the commander of the Moscow region (renamed the district) air defense forces, Colonel General Moskalenko K.S. select a group of military personnel, including Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov. and Colonel General Batitsky P.F. The latter, on June 26, 1953, participated in the arrest at a meeting of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Marshal of the Soviet Union L.P. Beria, who would later be accused of “anti-party and anti-state activities aimed at undermining the Soviet state.” , will be deprived of all awards and titles and sentenced to death on December 23, 1953, and the sentence will be carried out on the same day.
Later, holding the post of 1st Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, N.S. Khrushchev was also Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1958-64.
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated April 16, 1954, “for outstanding services to the Communist Party and the Soviet people, in connection with the 60th anniversary of his birth,” the 1st Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" (No. 6759).
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated April 8, 1957, “noting the outstanding services of the 1st Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Comrade N.S. Khrushchev in the development and implementation of measures for the development of virgin and fallow lands,” Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was awarded the Order of Lenin and the second gold medal “Sickle” and Hammer."
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 17, 1961 "for outstanding services in the leadership of the creation and development of the rocket industry, science and technology and the successful implementation of the world's first space flight of a Soviet man on the Vostok satellite ship, which discovered new era in space exploration" 1st Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was awarded the Order of Lenin and the third gold medal "Hammer and Sickle".
N.S. Khrushchev was a member of the CPSU Central Committee in 1934-64, a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee in 1939-64 (candidate since 1938). He was elected as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st-6th convocations.
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated April 16, 1964 “for outstanding services to the Communist Party and the Soviet state in building a communist society, strengthening the economic and defense power of the Soviet Union, developing the fraternal friendship of the peoples of the USSR, in carrying out Lenin’s peace-loving policy and noting exceptional merits in the struggle with the Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War, in connection with the 70th anniversary of the birth of the 1st Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal (No. 11220 ).
One of the initiators of the "thaw" in the domestic and foreign policy, rehabilitation of victims of repression, N.S. Khrushchev made an attempt to modernize the party-state system, limit the privileges of the party and state apparatus, and improve financial situation and living conditions of the population, make society more open. At the XXth (1956) and XXIInd (1961) congresses of the CPSU, he sharply criticized the so-called “cult of personality” and the activities of I.V. Stalin. However, the preservation of the totalitarian regime in the country - suppression of dissent, shooting of workers' demonstrations (Novocherkassk, 1962 and others), arbitrariness against the intelligentsia, interference in the affairs of other states (armed intervention in Hungary, 1956 and others), escalation of military confrontation with the West ( the Berlin 1961 and Caribbean 1962 crises, etc.), as well as political projection (calls to “catch up and overtake America!”, promises to build communism by 1980) made his policy inconsistent. The dissatisfaction of the state and party apparatus led to the fact that at the plenum of the CPSU Central Committee on October 14, 1964, N.S. Khrushchev was relieved of his duties as 1st Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee...
As reported in the only obituary published in the Pravda newspaper: “... On September 11, 1971, after a serious, long illness, at the age of 78, the former First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, personal pensioner Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev died.” He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery. At the grave there is a monument by the sculptor E. Neizvestny.
Awarded seven Orders of Lenin, Orders of Suvorov 1st degree, Kutuzov 1st degree, Suvorov 2nd degree, Order of the Patriotic War 1st degree, Red Banner of Labor, medals, foreign awards.
Events during Khrushchev's reign:
- 1955 - The Warsaw Pact is signed.
- 1956 - XX Congress of the CPSU with condemnation of the personality cult of Stalin
- 1956 - suppression of the uprising in Budapest, Hungary
- 1957 - an unsuccessful attempt to remove Nikita Khrushchev by an “anti-party group” led by Malenkov, Molotov, Kaganovich and Shepilov, who “joined them”
- 1957 - On October 4, the world's first artificial Earth satellite (Sputnik 1) was launched
- 1958 - crop failure
- 1960 - Khrushchev announces that communism will be built by 1980
- 1960 - Stalin was removed from the mausoleum.
- 1960 - successful flight of dogs Belka and Strelka into space
- 1961 - renaming of Stalingrad to Volgograd
- 1961 - the world's first manned space flight; Yuri Gagarin became the first cosmonaut
- 1961 - construction of the Berlin Wall by the GDR authorities
- 1962 - The Cuban Missile Crisis almost led to the use nuclear weapons
- 1962 - shooting of a rally in Novocherkassk
- 1963 - construction of Khrushchev houses
- 1964 - October. Displacement of Khrushchev by L. I. Brezhnev.
Khrushchev. Memories. Selected fragments. - M.: "Vagrius", 1997.
http://www.warheroes.ru
Nikita Khrushchev was born on April 15, 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk region. His father, Sergei Nikanorovich, was a miner, his mother was Ksenia Ivanovna Khrushcheva, and he also had a sister, Irina. The family was poor and was in constant need in many ways.
In the winter he attended school and learned to read and write, and in the summer he worked as a shepherd. In 1908, when Nikita was 14 years old, the family moved to the Uspensky mine near Yuzovka. Khrushchev became an apprentice mechanic at the Eduard Arturovich Bosse Machine-Building and Iron Foundry Plant. Since 1912 he began independent work a mechanic at a mine. In 1914, during mobilization to the front of the First World War, and as a miner he received an indulgence from military service.
In 1918, Khrushchev joined the Bolshevik Party. Participates in the Civil War. In 1918, he headed the Red Guard detachment in Rutchenkovo, then the political commissar of the 2nd battalion of the 74th regiment of the 9th rifle division of the Red Army on the Tsaritsyn front. Later, instructor in the political department of the Kuban Army. After the end of the war he was engaged in economic and party work. In 1920, he became a political leader, deputy manager of the Rutchenkovsky mine in the Donbass.
In 1922, Khrushchev returned to Yuzovka and studied at the workers' faculty of the Dontechnikum, where he became the party secretary of the technical school. In the same year he met Nina Kukharchuk, his future wife. In July 1925, he was appointed party leader of the Petrovo-Maryinsky district of the Stalin district.
In 1929 he entered the Industrial Academy in Moscow, where he was elected secretary of the party committee.
Since January 1931, 1 secretary of the Baumansky, and since July 1931, of the Krasnopresnensky district committees of the CPSU (b). Since January 1932, second secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
From January 1934 to February 1938 - first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. From January 21, 1934 - second secretary of the Moscow Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. From March 7, 1935 to February 1938 - first secretary of the Moscow Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
Thus, since 1934 he was 1st Secretary of the Moscow City Committee, and since 1935 he simultaneously held the position of 1st Secretary of the Moscow Committee, replacing Lazar Kaganovich in both positions, and held them until February 1938.
In 1938, N.S. Khrushchev became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine and a candidate member of the Politburo, and a year later a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b). In these positions he proved himself to be a merciless fighter against “enemies of the people.” In the late 1930s alone, more than 150 thousand party members were arrested in Ukraine under him.
During the Great Patriotic War, Khrushchev was a member of the military councils of the South-Western direction, South-Western, Stalingrad, Southern, Voronezh and 1st Ukrainian fronts. He was one of the perpetrators of the catastrophic encirclement of the Red Army near Kiev and Kharkov, fully supporting the Stalinist point of view. In May 1942, Khrushchev, together with Golikov, made the decision of Headquarters on the offensive of the Southwestern Front.
The headquarters said clearly: the offensive will end in failure if there are not sufficient funds. On May 12, 1942, the offensive began - the Southern Front, built in linear defense, retreated, because Soon, Kleist’s tank group began an offensive from the Kramatorsk-Slavyansky region. The front was broken through, the retreat to Stalingrad began, and more divisions were lost along the way than during the summer offensive of 1941. On July 28, already on the approaches to Stalingrad, Order No. 227, called “Not a step back!” was signed. The loss near Kharkov turned into a great disaster - Donbass was taken, the Germans’ dream seemed to be a reality - they failed to cut off Moscow in December 1941, a new task arose - to cut off the Volga oil road.
In October 1942, an order signed by Stalin was issued abolishing the dual command system and transferring commissars from command personnel to advisers. Khrushchev was in the front command echelon behind Mamayev Kurgan, then at the tractor factory.
He finished the war with the rank of lieutenant general.
In the period from 1944 to 1947, he worked as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR, then was again elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine.
Since December 1949 - again first secretary of the Moscow regional and city committees and secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
On the last day of Stalin’s life, March 5, 1953, at the Joint Meeting of the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, the Council of Ministers and the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces, chaired by Khrushchev, it was recognized as necessary that he concentrate on work in the Party Central Committee.
Khrushchev was the leading initiator and organizer of the removal from all posts and arrest of Lavrentiy Beria in June 1953.
In 1953, on September 7, at the plenum of the Central Committee, Khrushchev was elected first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. In 1954, a decision was made by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to transfer the Crimean region and the city of union subordination Sevastopol to the Ukrainian SSR.
In June 1957, during a four-day meeting of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee, a decision was made to relieve N.S. Khrushchev from his duties as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. However, a group of Khrushchev’s supporters from among the members of the CPSU Central Committee, led by Marshal Zhukov, managed to intervene in the work of the Presidium and achieve the transfer of this issue to the consideration of the plenum of the CPSU Central Committee convened for this purpose. At the June plenum of the Central Committee of 1957, Khrushchev’s supporters defeated his opponents from among the members of the Presidium.
Four months later, in October 1957, on Khrushchev’s initiative, Marshal Zhukov, who supported him, was removed from the Presidium of the Central Committee and relieved of his duties as Minister of Defense of the USSR.
Since 1958, simultaneously Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The apogee of N.S. Khrushchev’s reign is called the XXII Congress of the CPSU and the new party program adopted at it.
The October plenum of the CPSU Central Committee of 1964, organized in the absence of N. S. Khrushchev, who was on vacation, relieved him of party and government posts “for health reasons.”
While retired, Nikita Khrushchev recorded multi-volume memoirs on a tape recorder. He condemned their publication abroad. Khrushchev died on September 11, 1971
The period of Khrushchev’s reign is often called the “thaw”: many political prisoners were released, and the activity of repressions decreased significantly compared to the period of Stalin’s reign. The influence of ideological censorship has decreased. Soviet Union achieved great success in space exploration. Active housing construction was launched. During his reign there was highest voltage Cold War with the USA. His de-Stalinization policy led to a break with the regimes of Mao Zedong in China and Enver Hoxha in Albania. However, at the same time, the People's Republic of China was provided with significant assistance in the development of its own nuclear weapons and a partial transfer of the technologies for their production existing in the USSR was carried out. During the reign of Khrushchev, there was a slight turn of the economy towards the consumer.
Awards, Prizes, Political actions
Development of virgin lands.
The fight against the personality cult of Stalin: a report at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, condemning the “cult of personality”, mass de-Stalinization, the removal of Stalin’s body from the Mausoleum in 1961, the renaming of cities named after Stalin, the demolition and destruction of monuments to Stalin (except for the monument in Gori, which was dismantled by the Georgian authorities only in 2010).
Rehabilitation of victims Stalin's repressions.
Transfer of the Crimean region from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR (1954).
Forceful dispersal of rallies in Tbilisi caused by Khrushchev’s report at the 20th Congress of the CPSU (1956).
Forceful suppression of the uprising in Hungary (1956).
World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow (1957).
Full or partial rehabilitation of a number of repressed peoples (except Crimean Tatars, Germans, Koreans), restoration of the Kabardino-Balkarian, Kalmyk, Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics in 1957.
Abolition of sectoral ministries, creation of economic councils (1957).
A gradual transition to the principle of “permanence of personnel”, increasing the independence of the heads of the union republics.
The first successes of the space program were the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite and the first human flight into space (1961).
Construction of the Berlin Wall (1961).
Novocherkassk execution (1962).
Deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba (1962, led to the Cuban Missile Crisis).
Reform of administrative-territorial division (1962), which included
division of regional committees into industrial and agricultural (1962).
Meeting with American Vice President Richard Nixon in Iowa.
Anti-religious campaign 1954-1964.
Lifting bans on abortion.
Hero of the Soviet Union (1964)
Three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1954, 1957, 1961) - awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for the third time for leading the creation of the rocket industry and preparing the first manned flight into space (Yu. A. Gagarin, April 12, 1961) (the decree was not published).
Lenin (seven times: 1935, 1944, 1948, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1964)
Suvorov 1st degree (1945)
Kutuzov, 1st degree (1943)
Suvorov II degree (1943)
Patriotic War, 1st degree (1945)
Red Banner of Labor (1939)
"In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
"Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st degree
"For the defense of Stalingrad"
"For Victory over Germany"
“Twenty years of victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.”
"For valiant labor in the Great Patriotic War"
"For the restoration of enterprises ferrous metallurgy south"
"For the development of virgin lands"
"40 years Armed Forces USSR"
"50 years of the USSR Armed Forces"
"In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow"
"In memory of the 250th anniversary of Leningrad"
Foreign awards:
Golden Star of the Hero of the People's Republic of Belarus (Bulgaria, 1964)
Order of Georgi Dimitrov (Bulgaria, 1964)
order White Lion 1st degree (Czechoslovakia) (1964)
Order of the Star of Romania, 1st class
Order of Karl Marx (GDR, 1964)
Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolia, 1964)
Order of the Necklace of the Nile (Egypt, 1964)
medal “20 years of the Slovak national uprising” (Czechoslovakia, 1964)
Jubilee Medal of the World Peace Council (1960)
International Lenin Prize “For Strengthening Peace Between Nations” (1959)
State Prize of the Ukrainian SSR named after T. G. Shevchenko - for his great contribution to the development of Ukrainian Soviet socialist culture.
Cinema:
“Playhouse 90” “Playhouse 90” (USA, 1958) episode “The Plot to Kill Stalin” - Oscar Homolka
"Zots" Zotz! (USA, 1962) - Albert Glasser
“Missiles of October” The Missiles of October (USA, 1974) - Howard DaSilva
Francis Gary Powers: The True Story of the U-2 Spy Incident (USA, 1976) - ThayerDavid
"Suez 1956" Suez 1956 (England, 1979) - Aubrey Morris
"Red Monarch" Red Monarch (England, 1983) - Brian Glover
"Far from Home" Miles from Home (USA, 1988) - Larry Pauling
“Stalingrad” (1989) - Vadim Lobanov
“The Law” (1989), Ten years without the right of correspondence (1990), “General” (1992) - Vladimir Romanovsky
"Stalin" (1992) - Murray Evan
“The Politburo Cooperative, or It Will Be a Long Farewell” (1992) - Igor Kashintsev
“Gray Wolves” (1993) - Rolan Bykov
"Children of the Revolution" (1996) - Dennis Watkins
"Enemy at the Gates" (2000) - Bob Hoskins
“Passion” “Passions” (USA, 2002) - Alex Rodney
“Time Clock” “Timewatch” (England, 2005) - Miroslav Neinert
"Battle for Space" (2005) - Konstantin Gregory
“Star of the Epoch” (2005), “Furtseva. The Legend of Catherine" (2011) - Viktor Sukhorukov
"Georg" (Estonia, 2006) - Andrius Vaari
“The Company” “The Company” (USA, 2007) - Zoltan Bersenyi
“Stalin. Live" (2006); “House of Exemplary Maintenance” (2009); “Wolf Messing: Seen Through Time” (2009); “Hockey Games” (2012) - Vladimir Chuprikov
“Brezhnev” (2005), “And Shepilov, who joined them” (2009), “Once upon a time in Rostov”, “Mosgaz” (2012), “Son of the Father of Nations” (2013) - Sergei Losev
"Bomb for Khrushchev" (2009)
“Miracle” (2009), “Zhukov” (2012) - Alexander Potapov
“Comrade Stalin” (2011) - Viktor Balabanov
“Stalin and Enemies” (2013) - Alexander Tolmachev
"K Blows the Roof" (2013) - Oscar nominee Paul Giamatti
Documentary
"Coup" (1989). Produced by Tsentrnauchfilm studio
Historical Chronicles (a series of documentary programs about the history of Russia, broadcast on the Rossiya TV channel since October 9, 2003):
Episode 57. 1955 - “Nikita Khrushchev, the beginning...”
Episode 61. 1959 - Metropolitan Nikolai
Episode 63. 1961 - Khrushchev. The beginning of the end
“Khrushchev. The first after Stalin" (2014)
, and in 1958 - N. S. Khrushchev . N. S. Khrushchev’s entry into the power structures of the first echelon was accompanied by an acute intra-party struggle between those who were already part of the party elite - G. M. Malenkov, L. P. Beria, N. A. Bulganin, V. M. Molotov, Kaganovich . However, N.S. became more socially adapted, politically flexible, able to instantly respond to the social challenges of the time - to carry out reforms towards creating more comfortable conditions for the social life of citizens who come from a worker-peasant environment. Khrushchev. Having removed his political opponents, N.S. Khrushchev concentrated the highest positions in his hands - party and government.
N. S. Khrushchev went down in history as a “generator” of ideas: he thought in the direction of creating a favorable social environment, carrying out diverse activities in the main spheres of society, expanding the field of social activity, enriching it with new, interesting and promising forms, directions and opportunities for them practical development.
The main idea during the reign of N. S. Khrushchev was the creation of a favorable social climate in connection with the implementation of the policy of rehabilitation of victims of Stalin's repressions. Overcoming the rigidity of the Stalinist regime, accompanied by mass repressions against all categories of citizens, which plunged society into a depressive state, became a kind of leitmotif in the first years of the political activity of N. S. Khrushchev and his circle.
In this regard, the 20th Congress of the CPSU “On the Cult of Personality of J.V. Stalin”, held on February 15 - 24, 1956, was fateful and, at the same time, shocking both for the entire country and for the countries of the socialist camp. report by N. S. Khrushchev, in which the policy of I. V. Stalin was analyzed: the “Political Testament” of V. I. Lenin was announced, which warned the party bodies against the figure of I. V. Stalin as politically ambitious and tough, facts of fabricated trials were given cases, the figures of Stalin's repressions were announced, the defeatist operations during the Great Patriotic War due to the fault of I.V. Stalin were named.
It was clear that even the censored report of N. S. Khrushchev would have a wide political resonance not only in the USSR, but also in the countries of the socialist camp. However, such lightning-fast reaction from the countries of the socialist camp, in which attempts to overthrow communist regimes took place, could not be foreseen: (Hungary - 1956, later Czechoslovakia - 1968, East Germany- GDR, Poland - late 1960s). To maintain order, raise the authority of the Communist Party and maintain the socialist regime in these countries, the Soviet Union sent in its troops.
After the 20th Congress of the CPSU, a consistently pursued policy of rehabilitation of victims of Stalin's repressions was launched within the country. That is why the years of N. S. Khrushchev’s reign are characterized as the “Thaw”, according to the novel of the same name by I. G. Ehrenburg: innocent people were rehabilitated, many families, whose members suffered from the repressive policies of I. V. Stalin, gained an honest name.
Nevertheless, ideologically, N.S. Khrushchev’s political line was maintained in the spirit of communist dogma - with a special understanding of the role of the CPSU in the life of society - as a vector of development (“guiding and guiding”), following communist imperatives, suppressing any manifestation of free-thinking. However, the removal of political opponents was accompanied by their displacement to lower positions in the apparatus of civil servants (officials).
In 1961, at the XXII Congress of the CPSU, the third program for building communism in the Soviet country was adopted.
Socio-economic processes
Economic transformations were aimed at improving people's living conditions, expanding economic opportunities, identifying the economic potential of territories and the possibilities of its use in terms of developing the country's internal economic resources.
1954 - 1956 - the development of virgin lands in Kazakhstan, the Volga region, and Siberia began, Southern Urals, North Caucasus; Based on enthusiasm, citizenship and social duty, at the call of the CPSU, the younger generation came and settled in these territories.
In 1955, under the influence of N. S. Khrushchev’s trip to the USA, where he was shown the principles of development of the agricultural sector based on the introduction of crops, a corn company and a meat company were launched. The consequences of such drastic innovations in the country’s agricultural vector turned out to be very dramatic: due to the failure of one, the failure of the other occurred. Corn - heat-loving crop, not suitable for harsh climatic conditions.
Therefore, the widespread planting of corn led to disruptions in procurement and, accordingly, failure to fulfill the plan for procurement of meat and dairy products. In terms of the development of the collective farm movement, trends were identified that today can be assessed differently (either as positive or negative): - consolidation of collective farms, liquidation of MTS and their transfer to the subordination of collective farms at the expense of collective farm funds, limitation of private household plots (personal subsidiary plots) in terms of reducing land holdings, reducing private livestock and prohibiting the use of livestock feed purchased in state or cooperative stores).
In line with the idea of improving the working and living conditions of citizens, in 1956 the Law on State Pensions for Workers and Employees would be issued. From 1957 - 1958 the process of transferring collective farmers to a fixed salary began, and in 1964 collective farmers were included in the category of citizens who were assigned an old-age pension, although their retirement age was five years higher.
In 1957, in accordance with the adopted resolution “On the development of housing construction in the USSR,” a program for the construction of social housing (the so-called “Khrushchev buildings”) was launched. It is noteworthy that housing was provided to citizens free of charge in the order of priority established by production. According to architectural designs, multi-apartment residential buildings were erected from brick according to existing state standards; the apartments were mostly small-sized. However, taking into account the fact that citizens lived in communal apartments that arose since 1921 (NEP), the provision of free separate housing for each family was perceived as a valid improvement measure social conditions. These apartment buildings were designed to last 125 years.
In 1957, in order to create effective system management of the national economy, the management system was decentralized: line ministries were renamed into Councils national economy(Economy Councils) and the organization of these local authorities (in the regions of the country).
In 1959, universal compulsory eight-year education was introduced as part of educational reform. This reform was entirely constructively conceived in terms of training qualified personnel and strengthening the multi-level education system - school - college - university.
In 1960, the Peoples' Friendship University named after P. Lumumba was opened in Moscow, where foreign students also studied.
Since the second half of the 1950s. started era of scientific and technological revolution (NTR ), associated with the active development of various areas of science and technology. Expanding the scientific field of activity, involving the country’s intellectual elite in this process(three titans of scientific research thought - M. V. Keldysh, I. V. Kurchatova, S. P. Koroleva) occurred taking into account the identification of development vectors. One of these priority areas was the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. So, in 1954 in
The world's first nuclear power plant was launched in Obninsk, and subsequently production began technical equipment for maintenance of nuclear power plants, semiconductor and ultrasound production. Moreover, in 1957, the world's first nuclear icebreaker "Lenin" was built. To others priority direction there was space exploration. Breakthroughs were associated with the launch of the first artificial earth satellite (October 4, 1957) and the first manned flight into space (Yu. A. Gagarin), which took place on April 12, 1961.
However, this path also had its ups and downs: in particular, on July 4, 1961, an accident occurred on the nuclear submarine “K-19”, which was rescued by the crew (information about this boat was first discovered during the era of “Perestroika” by M. S. Gorbachev).
However, advances in the nuclear and space industries occurred during a period when the country was in a state of "cold war" - an acute competition between the USSR and the USA, which was the incentive for this high level discoveries.
In general, socio-economic steps were characterized by intolerance, a desire to achieve quick results, perhaps ill-conceived and countrywide, which led to very dramatic consequences.
