What is the name of a ship with a steam engine? The first steamships
The appearance of the steamship was due to the invention of the steam engine and a continuous action ship propulsion device - the paddle wheel. In 1736, J. Halls (England) received a patent for a steam ship with a stern paddle wheel. The first reliable test of a steam ship was carried out in 1783 by J. Ebban on the Saone River (France). In 1787-90s. J. Fitch built and operated three steamships on the Delaware River (USA), which reached a speed of 8 knots (approx. 15 km/h). Simultaneously with Fitch, a paddle steamer was built in England in 1788 by G. Miller and W. Symington. In 1802, W. Symington created the Charlotte Dundas, a 13.4 m long wooden steamship with a stern wheel, with a horizontal steam engine, which drove barges at a speed of more than 3 knots (5.6 km/h). In 1807 R. Fulton tested the steamship "Clermont" built by him, 39.6 m long and with a displacement of 160 tons. "Clermont" had a steam engine with a capacity of 20 hp. With. (14.5 kW), was equipped with side paddle wheels with a diameter of 4.58 m, with a blade length of 1.22 m and developed a speed of 5 knots (9.26 km/h). In 1811 in England, G. built a similar type of steamship, the Comet, whose speed reached 7.8 knots (14.5 km/h). In Russia, the first paddle steamer - "Elizabeth" for the St. Petersburg - Kronstadt line was built in 1815, had a displacement of 80 tons, and a speed of 5 knots (9.26 km/h). In 1819, the Savannah, a steam-sailing ship with paddle wheels, crossed the river for the first time. Atlantic Ocean.
The first steamships had paddle wheels with radially fixed blades. To reduce the impacts of the blades when entering and exiting the water, the wheels were made with a very large diameter and low rotation speed, which necessitated the installation of low-speed and, as a consequence, bulky and heavy steam engines. After the invention in 1829 by G. Morgan (USA) of paddle wheels with rotating blades, ensuring shock-free entry of the blade into the water, the speed of rotation of the wheels was significantly increased, and their diameter was reduced by almost 2 times. The disadvantage of steamships with paddle wheels was their low seaworthiness in rough seas. The advent of the propeller significantly improved the seaworthiness of steamships. In 1831, the Englishman F. Smith installed a screw on a steam launch that resembled a single-threaded worm. In 1840, the steamship "Archimedes" with a displacement of 237 tons was built with such a propeller, and in 1843, the steamship "Rattler" with a displacement of 1140 tons, with a propeller in the form of a short double-thrust worm with a diameter of 3.05 m. Over time, the length of the worm decreased, and the screws were getting closer and closer to modern three- and four-bladed propellers. In 1859, Brunel (England) built the Great Western steamship with a displacement of 27,400 tons, a length of 207.3 m, with a propeller with a diameter of 7.3 m and side paddle wheels with a diameter of 15 m; the ship also had sailing equipment. The ship's speed reached 14.5 knots (26.8 km/h). J. Holland (USA) in 1863 built a submarine with a steam engine for surface travel and an electric motor for underwater. In 1899, the Ermak was launched with a displacement of 8,730 tons and a power of 9,000 hp. With. (6620 kW) and a speed of 12 knots (22.2 km/h). The Novik, recognized as the best in the world, with a displacement of 1300 tons and a speed of 37.3 knots (69 km/h), was built at the Putilov plant (St. Petersburg) in 1912.
On sea ships, one or more propellers; on large river steamers there are side wheels, on small ones there are stern wheels. The power of steam engines of large sea ships reached tens of thousands of horsepower. The power of river steamers ranges from several tens to 10,000 liters. With.; for example, the American paddle steamer Commonwealth had a power of 12,000 hp. With. (8830 kW), diameter of side propeller wheels 8.15 m, speed 20 knots (37 km/h).
K ser. 20th century steam engines on ships were supplanted engines internal combustion , mainly diesel engines that had more high efficiency and used more efficient diesel. On inland waterways, the operation of paddle steamers ceased in the 1960s and 70s. But although screw motor ships turned out to be winners in the competition with paddle steamers, it should be noted that in terms of traction performance in conditions of a limited fairway depth paddle steamers remained unsurpassed.
Encyclopedia "Technology". - M.: Rosman. 2006 .
Synonyms:
See what a “steamboat” is in other dictionaries:
Steamboat... Spelling dictionary-reference book
In the modern Russian language there are two small correlative groups of complex terms in which a peculiar opposition of the morphemes hod and voz has been created: motor ship, steamship and electric ship, on the one hand, and diesel locomotive, steam locomotive and electric locomotive with... ... History of words
STEAMBOAT, steamboat, husband. A ship powered by a steam engine. Ocean steamer. Sea steamer. Passenger ship. Coastal steamer. Go by boat, by boat. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Steamboat- Waverlay. STEAMBOAT, a vessel driven by a steam engine or turbine (turbine steamships are called turboships). The first steamship “Clermont” was built in 1807 in the USA by R. Fulton. In Russia, one of the first steamships “Elizabeth” was built in 1815... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Steam engine, pyroskaf, steam locomotive, steamer, steamship, liner, whistle, vessel Dictionary of Russian synonyms. steamship see steam locomotive Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova ... Dictionary of synonyms
A ship driven by a steam engine or turbine (turbine steamers are usually called turbo ships). The first steamship Claremont was built in 1807 in the USA by R. Fulton. In Russia, one of the first steamships was the Elizaveta (for flights between St. ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
STEAMBOAT, see par. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. V.I. Dahl. 1863 1866 … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
- (Steamer) a vessel with a displacement of more than 100 tons, driven by a steam engine (steam engine or turbine). The first steamship was built in the North. America by Fulton in 1807. Samoilov K.I. Marine Dictionary. M.L.: State Military... ... Naval Dictionary
STEAMER, see SHIP... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
STEAMBOAT, huh, husband. Steam engine powered ship. | adj. steamship, oh, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
In 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte fled from the island of Elba, the first technical university opened in Vienna, in the family of a simple English artisan, the future great mathematician George Boole, and in Russia the first domestic pyroscaphe “Elizabeth” launched.
Then crowds of people gathered at the pond of the Tauride Palace to look at this miracle. And the first flight of the pyroscape, or steamboat as it was also called, took place on November 3 of the same year, along the route St. Petersburg - Kronstadt. It was there that the name so familiar to us, “steamboat,” was first heard.
History of creation
The idea of using steam in mechanics was expressed in the 1st century AD. Greek scientist Heron of Alexandria, but the first steam boiler was invented only at the end of the 17th century.
At the beginning of the 18th, steam engines no longer surprised anyone, and in 1783 the first steamship “Piroskaf” launched, the name of which became a household name. It was invented by a French military man, Marquis Claude Geoffroy d'Abban, a self-taught engineer.
After 365 meters, the steamship's engine broke down, and the Marquis had to abandon his activities - he was unable to find investors for his invention.
In 1787, two American inventors demonstrated their steam ships - James Ramsey and John Fitch.
Moreover, three years later, a steam boat created by Fitch and Henry Voigt plied the whole summer between Philadelphia and Burlington. But here, too, the commercial component turned out to be stronger than the scientific one - the project was closed.
The closest were the Scots - William Symington and Patrick Miller. Miller, among other things, also became an investor in the enterprise. In 1802, the first paddle steamer, the Charlotte Dundes, set sail. It was seventeen meters long and towed barges on the Forth Clyde Canal.
Father of Steamboats
And yet, Robert Fulton is rightfully considered the “father of steamboats.” The future inventor was the fifth child in the family; he did not achieve much success at school, but he loved to draw and draw.
At the age of 14, he had already designed and tested his first boat on manual drive. And at the age of 35, even before he invented the steamboat, he developed designs for three submarines. In 1803, his steam ship was tested on the waters of the Seine.
And already in August 1807, Fulton's steamship set off on its first long voyage along the Hudson River. The inventor himself called it the “North River Steamboat”, but it went down in history under a different name - “Clermont”.
This was the name given to the estate owned by Fulton’s partner, where, according to legend, the steamship made its first stop.
In 1809, Fulton patented his invention and entered into world history. In the subsequent years of his life, he managed to build several more steamships, as well as develop a project for the world's first military steamship.
The name was given to it “Demologos”, which is translated from Latin as “Voice of the People”. Well, the second name of the ship is simple and modest - “Fulton”.
The oldest steamship
Currently, steamships are no longer built; they have been replaced by motor ships. And yet, in some places you can find rarities.
For example, on Lake Mjøsa in Norway, the paddle steamer Skibladner, built in 1856 and currently the oldest steamship in the world, still operates.
Skibladner has his own job - all year round it delivers mail and hosts boat trips and cruises in the summer.
Russia also has its own long-liver - the paddle steamer N. V. Gogol", built in 1911, still welcomes visitors on board.
The use of steam engines on water began in 1707, when the French physicist Denis Papin designed the first boat with a steam engine and paddle wheels. Presumably, after a successful test, it was broken by boatmen who were afraid of competition.
Thirty years later, Englishman Jonathan Hulls invented a steam tug. The experiment ended unsuccessfully: the engine turned out to be heavy and the tug sank.
In 1802, Scotsman William Symington demonstrated a steamboat "Charlotte Dundas."
The widespread use of steam engines on ships began in 1807 with the voyages of the passenger steamer Clermont, built by an American Robert Fulton. Beginning in the 1790s, Fulton took up the problem of using steam to propel ships. In 1809, Fulton patented the Claremont design and went down in history as inventor of the steamboat.
Newspapers wrote that many boatmen closed their eyes in horror when "Fulton's monster" spewing fire and smoke, moving along the Hudson against the wind and current.
"Clermont"
Just ten to fifteen years after R. Fulton’s invention, steamships seriously replaced sailing ships. In 1813, two factories for the production of steam engines began operating in Pittsburgh in the USA. A year later, 20 steamships were assigned to the port of New Orleans, and in 1835 there were already 1,200 steamships operating on the Mississippi and its tributaries.
By 1815 in England on the river. Clyde (Glasgow) already had 10 steamships and seven or eight on the river. Thames. In the same year, the first sea steamer "Argyle" was built, which sailed from Glasgow to London. In 1816, the Majestic steamship made its first voyages Brighton - Le Havre and Dover - Calais, after which regular sea steam lines began to open between Great Britain, Ireland, France and Holland.
The first steam ship in Europe "Comet" 1812
In 1813 Fulton turned to Russian government with a request to grant him the privilege to build a steamboat he had invented and use it on rivers Russian Empire. However, Fulton did not create steamships in Russia. He died in 1815, and in 1816 the privilege given to him was revoked.
The beginning of the 19th century in Russia is marked by the construction of the first ships with steam engines. In 1815, the owner of a mechanical foundry in St. Petersburg, Karl Bird, built the first paddle steamer "Elizabeth". A factory-manufactured Watt steam engine with a power of 4 hp was installed on the wooden Tikhvinka. With. and a steam boiler that powered the side wheels. The machine made 40 revolutions per minute. After successful tests on the Neva and transition from St. Petersburg to Kronstadt The ship made voyages on the St. Petersburg - Kronstadt line. The steamer covered this route in 5 hours 20 minutes with an average speed of about 9.3 km/h.
Russian steamship from the Berda plant.
The construction of steamships also began on other rivers of Russia.
The first steamship in the Volga basin appeared on the Kama in June 1816. It was built by Pozhvinsky iron foundry and ironworks V. A. Vsevolozhsky. Having a power of 24 hp. s., the ship made several experimental voyages along the Kama.
By the 20s of the 19th century, there was only one steamship in the Black Sea basin - "Vesuvius", not counting the primitive steamship "Pchelka" with a power of 25 hp, built by Kyiv serfs, which two years later was carried through the rapids to Kherson, from where he made flights to Nikolaev.
Major Siberian gold miner Myasnikov. received the privilege to organize shipping on the lake. Baikal and the rivers Ob, Tobol, Irtysh, Yenisei, Lena and their tributaries, in March 1843. launched the ship “Emperor Nicholas I” power 32 l. s., which in 1844 was brought to Lake Baikal. Following this, a second steamship with a capacity of 50 hp was laid down and completed in 1844. s., called “Heir Tsesarevich”, which was also transferred to the lake. Baikal, where both ships were used for transportation.
In the 40-50s of the 19th century steamships began to sail regularly along the Neva, Volga, Dnieper and other rivers. By 1850 there were about 100 steamships in Russia.
In 1819, the American sailing mail ship "Savannah", equipped with a steam engine and removable side wheels, left the city of Savannah, USA, for Liverpool and made the transition across the Atlantic in 24 days. The engine on the Savannah was a single-cylinder steam engine. low pressure, simple action. The power of the machine was 72 hp, the speed when the engine was running was 6 knots (9 km/h). The ship's engine was used for no more than 85 hours and only within the coastal zone.
"Savannah"
Savannah's voyage was conducted to evaluate necessary supplies fuel on ocean routes, because supporters of the sailing fleet argued that no steamship could carry enough coal to cross the Atlantic. After the ship returned to the United States, the steam engine was dismantled, and the ship was used on the New York - Savannah line until 1822
In 1825, the English paddle steamer Enterprise, using sails with a fair wind, made a voyage to India.
The largest paddle steamer in naval history "Great East"
The first flight around Europe took place in 1830-1831. small Russian steamship "Neva". Leaving Kronstadt on August 17, 1830, the Neva arrived in Odessa on March 4, 1831, spending 199 days on the voyage. The duration of the voyage was explained by long stops in ports due to severe winter storms.
How pleasantly surprised I was when, on the territory of the Gorodetsky Shipyard, I suddenly saw a real paddle steamer “K.M. Stanyukovich”. So, very close to me, there stood real living and carefully restored history.
In Gorodets I photographed new patterns on board the motor ship "Dmitry Furmanov". I already talked about these patterns in the previous post.
02. 
Here they are. Noticeable on the starboard side of the Furmanov.
03. 
And today I’ll show you a very interesting neighbor - the paddle steamer “K.M. Stanyukovich”.
04. 
The paddle steamer "K.M. Stanyukovich" was built in Hungary in 1956 according to project 737A. Until the mid-80s of the last century, the ship was assigned to the Moscow Shipping Company and worked regularly on various passenger lines.
05. 
But in the 80s of the last century, almost all ships were gradually replaced by more modern ships and decommissioned.
06. 
In the late 2000s, a group of enthusiasts tried to restore Stanyukovich.
07. 
We took care of the hull, restored the steam engine, installed a new steam boiler and diesel generator.
08. 
The ship, in this restored form, even passed sea trials. But then the money ran out, and the fate of “K.M. Stanyukovich” is now unclear.
09. 
It is not suitable for cruises - river travelers no longer have the same requirements for comfort, and there are few cabins there.
10. 
It can be used as a banquet, but it is expensive. And also try to find a specialist in working with a steam engine.
11. 
So now the wheeled river steamer “K.M. Stanyukovich” stands idle on the territory of the Gorodets Shipyard.
12. 
Maybe it will be useful for some retro film.
13. 
But it was very interesting to look at it up close.
14. 
While I was looking at “Stanyukovich”, I didn’t notice and climbed into the evil thorns on the shore :)
15. 
What else did you manage to see at the Gorodets Shipyard? Pay attention to Volgoneft-39 located on the right side of the frame. We will return to it later, but for now remember its dimensions: 132.6 meters in length!
16. 
And this is a pontoon bridge that is being built in the city of Pavlovo across the Oka.
17. 
They say that the master rides along it to his lands.
18. 
"UK-5". Boat (Yaroslavets type) of the Moscow City Children's Maritime Center named after Peter the Great. As I left Moscow in the fall of 2014, I ended up stuck here in Gorodets.
19. 
But these points on the boat’s hull remained in the field of measuring the thickness of the metal with a special device. At three points of the sheet, the areas are cleaned with a grinder and the residual thickness of the metal is measured. If it is less than the norm, then the sheet is changed.
20. 
Tanker "Volgoneft-39" built in 1969.
21. 
Let's get to it too :)
22. 
The windlass on the stern of the Volgoneft is a contraption with which you can control the anchor and mooring lines.
23. 
There are colored markings on the anchor chain in certain places. They are used to determine the length to which the chain is selected when the armature is released. Well, it helps with the reverse process.
24. 
The photo was taken under the wheelhouse itself, and the bow of the tanker is far, far ahead. And how do the navigators control this colossus! Fantastic:)
25. 
One more interesting feature tankers - booms. They are a ribbon of blue hollow bags with a load inside. It is mandatory to place these booms around the tanker when loading/unloading fuel. If something happens, the fuel slick will not spread further across the reservoir, but will remain within the boom ring.
26. 
This short excursion happened to me at the Gorodetsky Shipyard in March 2016.
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February 11, 1809 American inventor Robert Fulton patented the steamboat, which became the main water transport over the next century. And today we will talk about the history of steamships, about ten of the most iconic ships, the creation of which determined the vectors of development of this type of ship.
Charlotte Dundas - the world's first steamship
Despite the fact that Robert Fulton is considered the “father of the steamship,” the world’s first working such vehicle was the Charlotte Dundas, launched in 1801 and built by the British William Symington.
The seventeen-meter steamer Charlotte Dundas, built of wood, had the power steam engines 10 horsepower and was used to transport barges along one of the canals in England. But then no one appreciated the innovation; in 1802 the ship was abandoned by the owner and rotted until 1861, until it was dismantled for materials.
However, boats that moved through the water with the help of a steam engine existed before this, for example, Pyroscaphe from Marcus de Geoffroy d'Abbans. But they were very distantly related to steamships in the modern sense of the word, so it is customary not to take similar designs taken into account as a starting point for the history of this type of transport.
Clermont - the first steamship from Robert Fulton
But the steamship truly became popular and in demand around the world thanks to the work of the American Robert Fulton. The inventor presented the first project to build a steam vessel back in 1793, he carried out successful experiments in this direction in 1803, and Fulton built a full-fledged steamship with a powerful engine and wheel drive in 1807. This is how the Clermont appeared (originally called North River Steamboat).
This 46-meter steamer sailed as a voyage vessel on the Hudson River on the route New York - Albany, which quickly repaid the costs of its creation and operation. But main goal Fulton during the construction of Clermont had a desire to prove that such vehicle can exist and, moreover, be reliable and fast (by the standards of those times, a speed of 9 kilometers per hour was considered decent).
Robert Fulton played a huge role in the creation of steamships and the popularization of this type of transport, including in Russia. He even received from Alexander I a monopoly right to operate steam ships in our country for fifteen years. Fulton also initiated the construction of the first military steamship equipped with cannons, although he did not live to see its completion.
Sirius – the first transatlantic crossing by steam
The first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean was the Savannah in 1819. But most of It sailed its way under sail - at that time the combination of two sources of movement was normal. And the first ship to travel this route exclusively by steam is considered Sirius, which made the transatlantic crossing from the Irish city of Cork to New York in April-May 1938.
Interestingly, this ship was only a few hours ahead of the ship called Great Western, built specifically for passenger transportation across the Atlantic Ocean.
Archimedes - the first screw steamship
Until 1839, steamships were able to move on water thanks to the huge wheels on their sides, which were turned by steam coming from turbines. And the first screw steam ship was Archimedes, built by the English inventor Francis Smith.
The transition from wheeled to screw driven made it possible to significantly increase the performance of steamships, as well as the efficiency of steam engines, which was a breakthrough in the history of water transport and led over time to the complete displacement sailing ships. Indeed, until the mid-19th century, even steamships had masts and sails in order to move more efficiently and quickly. The advent of screws changed everything.
SS Great Britain - British record holder
Launched in 1845, the SS Great Britain became one of the most famous steam ships, a true legend, a triumph of British engineering in the 19th century. To begin with, with a hull length of 98 meters, it was the world's largest passenger ship between 1845 and 1854.
In addition, the SS Great Britain became the first metal-hulled steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. In the mid-nineteenth century, only the most daring engineers and shipowners could talk out loud about replacing wood with metal, this is completely illogical - floating iron!
For forty years, the SS Great Britain carried passengers on the route Bristol - New York, and now this ship is permanently moored in the British port and operates as a museum.
Great Eastern - the ship of misfortunes
The Great Eastern, launched in 1858, was considered the largest ship in the world for forty years. However, he went down in history not only because of this achievement, but also because of his notoriety and a series of accidents that regularly happened to him.
The first incident with the Great Eastern happened already during launching - it turned out that such a huge ship (at first it was called Leviathan) was almost impossible to lower using winches, so we had to wait for a huge tide. Then this ship repeatedly ran aground, collided with other ships, its boiler exploded, and once, while moving on a boat from the ship to the port, the captain and two passengers drowned.
By the way, the ship Leviathan from the book of the same name by Boris Akunin is very similar in description to the Great Eastern steamship.
Turbinia – steam turbine steamship
A small boat named Turbinia, built in 1894, was the beginning new era in the development of steamships. After all, it was the first ship equipped with a steam turbine. During demonstration swims, he amazed spectators with his speed and maneuverability.
Turbinia gave rise to a new type of steamship, the most famous of which are the Lusitania, which sank in 1915 from a German torpedo and her twin sister Mauritania, which lived a much happier ship life.
Ermak - the world's first icebreaker
In 1899, the Ermak steamship, built in Great Britain by order of Russia, was put into operation. It became the world's first Arctic-type icebreaker. This 97.5 m long vessel could fight heavy ice more than two meters thick.
Ermak became the real pride of our country and served it faithfully until 1963. During this time, he made a huge number of expeditions in the Arctic and freed hundreds of ships from ice captivity. It is interesting that in 1938, this practically “retired” man saved more than a dozen much younger icebreakers in northern waters.
Titanic - the most famous steamship
The Titanic is not just the most famous steamship, it is generally the most famous ship in the entire history of Mankind. Although his fate is not so brilliant. This 269-meter giant sank on its first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean, colliding with an iceberg.
But the hype raised in the press, and then in art, turned this disaster into one of the most significant events of the twentieth century, and the Titanic eclipsed with its glory all other great ships, even those with much more successful destinies.
American Queen - a modern legend
The busiest region in which steamboats were used was the Mississippi River basin. There, this type of transport is legendary - for a hundred years, it was steam ships (mainly wheeled) that took over the bulk of passenger and cargo transportation.
And although the second half of the twentieth century marked the decline of steam ships, on the Mississippi they are not only still in use, but are even being built. The last large such object launched was American Queen in 1995. Moreover, the 127-meter ship is the largest river steamer in the history of this type of transport. So there is no point in talking about the imminent death of the latter yet.
