2 sentences with homogeneous clauses. Separate members of the sentence
Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes allowed in written speech. The most difficult ones usually include placing commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear understanding of their features and differences helps make the entry correct and readable.
What is the definition?
This is a denoting attribute, property or quality of an object denoted by a noun. Most often expressed by an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our home), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "which one?" "whose?". However, there may be cases of use as a definition of a noun ( checkered dress), a verb in the infinitive form ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree (an older girl appeared), adverbs ( hard boiled egg).
What are homogeneous members
Definition this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of the simple (or predicative part). Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depend on the same word. Consequently, they will answer general question and perform the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that their rearrangement within a syntactic structure is usually possible.
Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: “ In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet bloomed proudly towered over their fellow flowers." The homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize the object according to the same characteristic. Or another example: " Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city sweltering from the heat." In this sentence, one feature is logically connected to another.
Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinctive features
This question often causes difficulties. To understand the material, let’s take a closer look at what features each group of definitions has.
Homogeneous | Heterogeneous |
Each definition refers to one word being defined: " The cheerful, uncontrollable laughter of children was heard from all sides.» | The closest definition refers to the noun, and the second to the resulting combination: “ On this frosty January morning I didn’t want to go outside for a long time.» |
All adjectives are usually qualitative: “ A beautiful, new bag hung on Katyusha’s shoulder.» | Combination with a relative or with a pronoun, participle, numeral: big stone castle, my good friend, third intercity bus |
You can insert a connecting conjunction AND: “ For the craft you needed white, red,(AND) blue sheets of paper» | Cannot be used with I: “ In one hand Tatyana was old, in the other she was holding a string bag with vegetables» |
Expressed by one part of speech. Exception: adjective + participial phrase or inconsistent definitions after a noun | Refer to different parts of speech: “ We finally waited for the first light frost(numeral+adjective) and hit the road» |
These are the main features, knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means using punctuation marks correctly.
In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.
Definitions that are always the same
- Adjectives next to each other characterize an object according to one characteristic: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " At the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, and French culture in advance.».
- A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature differently. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news».
- Definitions that appear after the noun, with the exception of terms such as grab overhead crane. For example, in A. Pushkin’s poem we find: “ Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road" In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, and each definition is logically highlighted.
- Homogeneous members of a sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the characteristic in increasing order. " The sisters, overwhelmed by a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions».
- Inconsistent definitions. For example: " He entered the room briskly tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes, a bewitching smile».
Combination of a single adjective and participial phrase
It is also necessary to dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here, punctuation depends on the position of the latter.
Definitions that correspond to the scheme “single adjective + participial phrase” are almost always homogeneous. For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen" However, if the participial phrase is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the entire combination, the rule “punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly fell onto the damp ground.».
One more point needs to be taken into account. Consider this example: “ Among the dense, spreading fir trees, darkened in the twilight, it was difficult to see a narrow path leading to the lake" This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word “thick”. Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, they are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.
Cases when a comma is not required but is preferred
- Homogeneous definitions (examples of these can often be found in fiction) denote different, but usually accompanying each other, causal features. For example, " At night,(you can insert BECAUSE) Long shadows from trees and lanterns were clearly visible in the deserted streets" Another example: " Suddenly, deafening sounds reached the old man’s ears,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
- Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at the big one, Luzhin, she... was filled... with pity"(V. Nabokov). Or from A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived».
- When using adjectives in a figurative meaning (close to epithets): “ Timofey's large, fishy eyes were sad and carefully looked straight ahead».
Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expressiveness in a work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize individual significant details in the description of an object (person).
Exceptional cases
Sometimes in speech you can find sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood in this place, but now there are new, tall ones." As this example shows, in such a case there are two groups of definitions that relate to the same noun, but have opposite meanings.
Another case concerns definitions interconnected by explanatory relationships. " Completely different sounds, alien to the boy, were heard from open window " In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is” would be appropriate.
Rules for placing punctuation marks
It all depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are used in non-union connections. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door." If there are coordinating conjunctions (“usually”, “and”), punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them" Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules that apply to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.
If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. Exception with combinations that can be ambiguous. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods" In this case, everything depends on the meaning of the participle. A comma is used if “namely” can be inserted before the word “verified”.
Conclusion
Analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy largely depends on knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.
Simple sentences with a complex structure are diverse. They may contain:
1) homogeneous members;
2) separation;
3) introductory words and sentences and inserted structures;
4) appeals.
Here we consider the complication of the sentence structure by homogeneous members.
§1. Homogeneous members of the sentence
Homogeneous members- these are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question. They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinative or non-conjunctive syntactic connection.
The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.
I love ice cream.
I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies and cakes.
Laughing girls ran into the room.
(simple two-part extended sentence)
Cheerful, laughing, squealing, screaming girls ran into the room.
(a simple two-part extended sentence, complicated by homogeneous members)
Any member of a sentence can be expressed by a number of homogeneous members. Subjects, predicates, objects, definitions and circumstances can be homogeneous.
There were boys, girls and their parents in the hall.
(boys, girls and their parents - homogeneous subjects)
The girl is well-mannered and well educated.
(well-mannered and educated- homogeneous predicates)
I loved books, construction sets and cartoons.
(books, construction sets, cartoons- homogeneous additions)
We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.
(in the forest, on the river- homogeneous circumstances)
It was a clear, hot, truly summer day.
(clear, hot, summer- homogeneous definitions)
Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed by words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.
The girl answered the exam smartly, intelligently, and in beautiful language.
(homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, smartly and noun phrase beautiful language)
Due to the sudden downpour, we were soaked to the skin and frozen.
(homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units soaked to the skin and verb frozen)
Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be differently arranged punctually.
Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.
Homogeneous members in oral speech are formed intonationally, and in written speech punctuationally.
One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.
Masha, Seryozha and Petya were sitting around the table in the dining room and drawing.
(Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - 1st row of homogeneous members)
(sat and drew- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members)
§2. Sentences with a generalizing word with homogeneous members
Rows of homogeneous members may have words with a general meaning that relate to all the words of the row. This generalizing words. The generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it.
Generalizing words are words that mean:
- generic and specific concepts:
The room contained simple furniture: old sofa, table, two chairs.
(general word - furniture);
- words: All, All, Always, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere and others, conveying the idea of universality:
Things were scattered everywhere: on the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table.
In a sentence, generalizing words can appear either before or after series of homogeneous members. Compare with the example above:
On the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table - things were scattered everywhere.
The punctuation of sentences depends on the place that generalizing words occupy.
§3. Distinguishing homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a series of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object on one side, according to one characteristic, for example, by size, color, shape, material. Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, according to different characteristics.
A cheerful, loudly laughing girl ran into the room.
(cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state)
A small girl laughing loudly ran into the room.
(small and laughing- heterogeneous definitions)
There were red, orange and yellow flowers in the vase.
(red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting common feature- color)
There were large red fragrant flowers in the vase.
(large, red, fragrant- adjectives denoting different characteristics: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions)
The definitions expressed are also heterogeneous in different parts speeches, for example:
At the end of November the first light snow fell.
(words first And easy refer to different parts of speech: first- numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members)
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that homogeneous members are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question?
Are homogeneous members of a sentence equal?
Is it true that homogeneous members are connected by a subordinating relationship?
Are sentences with several rows of homogeneous members possible?
Is the number of homogeneous members limited?
Is it true that homogeneous members cannot be connected by coordinating conjunctions?
What is the name of a word with a general meaning that homogeneous members can have?
- general word
- appeal
- circumstance
Is a generalizing word always the same member of a sentence as the homogeneous members related to it?
Dry yellow autumn leaves rustled underfoot..?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions
What are the definitions in the sentence: The bushes under the window were covered with red, yellow, and orange leaves.?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions
The concept of homogeneous members of a sentence.
Homogeneous are two or more members of a sentence connected to each other by a coordinating connection. A coordinating connection is that words are connected to each other as equal, independent of each other; neither serves to explain the other. Homogeneous members are:
a) two or more subjects with a common predicate, for example: Armenians, Georgians, Circassians, Persians crowded in the wrong square (P.);
b) two or more predicates with a common subject, for example: Seething, hurrying, roaring life(T.) ;
c) two or more minor members, depending on the same member of the sentence and answering the same question, for example: The wind blew down the street feathers, shavings, dust.(M.G.) Fast, furious the troika was rushing. (N.) Started sprinkling rare, small rain. (Ch.)
The coordinating connection is expressed either by conjunctions and intonation, or without conjunctions, only by intonation. In a sentence The native Volga rolled along in a wide veil evenly, majestically homogeneous circumstances are connected only by the intonation of the enumeration;
they are pronounced in the same tone, each with its own logical stress, and there is a pause between them. In a sentence That night I did not sleep and did not undress (P.) homogeneous predicates are connected by conjunction and intonation; with a single union And there is no pause between homogeneous members; but if this union is repeated, then there is a pause: And for him they rose again And deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love.. (P.)
Conjunctions connecting homogeneous members are called creative conjunctions.
Homogeneous members usually have the same grammatical form, as in the examples above, but this is not necessary: for example, in the sentence She listened to him with fear and greed(M.G.) homogeneous circumstances are expressed by a noun in the indirect case with a preposition and an adverb.
Homogeneous members can be common, Yes, in a sentence Gloomy Bor sullenly silent or howls dully(T.) homogeneous predicates are common by circumstances.
Sometimes syntactically indecomposable combinations of words are homogeneous; for example, in a sentence.
I wandered all day I from room to room, from roof to roof, from staircase to staircase(P.) homogeneous circumstances are: 1) from room to room, 2) from roof to roof, 3) with stairs to stairs.
A sentence may have several rows of homogeneous members, for example: Princess Marya at all didn't think or remember about your face and hairstyle.(L.T.) In this sentence there are two rows of homogeneous members: predicates didn't think or remember and additions about face and hairstyle.
Conjunctions connecting homogeneous members of a sentence.
Coordinating conjunctions that serve to connect homogeneous members, according to their basic meaning, are connecting, separating, and against i t e l e n d c o p a r a t i o n s.
1. Connective unions and, no - no, yes (= And) etc.
Union And can be single or repeating. Single union And , when there are several homogeneous members, is placed before the last one and emphasizes that the enumeration is complete, for example: Carts, carts, and gigs creak endlessly And vans. (Seraph.) Repeating union And, as a rule, it is placed before each homogeneous member and gives the statement an additional intensifying-enumerative meaning: Now And knocking And screaming And you can’t hear the bells. (T.)
Union neither - nor used instead of a conjunction And in negative sentences and can only be repeated. Wed:
He didn't have a brother And sisters.- He didn’t have neither brother neither sisters. (L.)
Union yes (==and) can be single or repeating;
when repeated, it gives the statement, like a conjunction And, intensifying-enumerative meaning, but cannot appear before the first homogeneous member: 1) Pines only Yes The spruce tops were noisy. (P.) 2) Let him serve in the army, Yes will pull the strap, Yes smells gunpowder Yes there will be a soldier... (P.)
2. Separating unions or (or), either, then - that, not that - not that etc.
Divisional unions or And or show that any one of the listed homogeneous terms is possible;
they can be either single or repeating, for example: 1) Sometimes dead snake the pole will float by or log. (M.G.) I am with a stranger or timid, or put on airs. (M.G.) In case of repetition, they often give the sentence an additional enumerative meaning, for example: Evseich or amused us with stories, or played with us or listened to my reading. (A.)
Union That - That can only be repetitive; it indicates the alternation of actions or objects: Wind That howled dully, then whistled impetuously. (T.) That the seal will call That deer (Chuk.)
Complex dividing union not that - not that also only repeating, indicates the uncertainty of the impression made by an action, an object, the quality of an object, etc., for example: There's someone up above the ceiling not that moans not that laughs. (Ch.) Not that fog, not that smoke enveloped the entire grove.
3. Anti-violent unions a, but, yes (= but), however, but and others indicate the opposition of one to another and therefore are not repeated: 1) We won’t bring our cart, A let's roll it down (Kr.) 2) His face had a rather pleasant expression, But picaresque. (P:) 3) Good singer Yes arrogant. (M.G.) 4) I hesitated a bit however sat down (T.) 5) They[singers] they fight a little, but They don’t even put drunken things into their mouths. (Kr.)
4. Double comparative conjunctions both - and, not only - but and, not so much - as, if not - then, although - but (a). The first part of the union is placed in front of one homogeneous member, the second - in front of the other.
Union not as much - as used to compare actions or properties according to their degree, for example: He thought not so much about the upcoming vacation, How many about meeting my old friend soon. He not so much cowardly, How many timid.
Union both and serves only for comparison, for example: Y Siberia has many features How in nature, so and in human morals. (Gonch.) All other comparative conjunctions have different additional meanings.
Union not only - but also emphasizes that, in addition to what is indicated by the first homogeneous term, there is also something else that the speaker, when compared with the first, considers more important, for example: The partisans had not only rifles, but also machine guns.
Union if not - That has an additional conditional meaning, and the conjunction although (but)-concessive, for example: 1) Most of their faces expressed if not fear, That anxiety. (L.T.) 2) It [the bridge] looks at least and simple, A has a wonderful property. (Kr-)
Punctuation marks between similar parts of a sentence.
1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members not connected by unions, for example: The steppe groaned under the ringing of sabers, under the whistling of bullets, under the peals of gunfire. (Form.)
2. Before a single conjunction, connecting or dividing (and, yes(==and), or, either), connecting homogeneous members, no comma is used.
EXAMPLES: The clear sky, morning freshness, dew, breeze and birdsong filled Lisa's heart with infantile gaiety. (P.) Ryazan sawyers trudged slowly Yes glaziers. (Leon.) There was no emotion in his movements or fear.
3. Before repeated connecting and disjunctive conjunctions And -and, neither - nor, yes - yes, or - or, either - either, that - that, not that - not that, standing between homogeneous members, a comma is placed.
EXAMPLES. Forgive the fever of youth And youthful heat, And youthful delirium. (P.) He fell in love with dense groves, solitude, silence, And night, And stars, And moon (P.)(commas are placed between all homogeneous members: the first two - because there is no union, the last three - because the union is repeated). I'm imagining That noisy feasts, That military camp, That combat fights. (P.)
Note: It should be noted that there are some difficult cases of placement (or absence) of punctuation marks for homogeneous members.
In the example Local fevers are similar to Crimean and Moldavian and are treated in the same way (P.) not a single comma is placed, since one And connects predicates (similar and treatable) and not repeated, other And connects definitions (Crimean and Moldavian) and also not repeated.
When homogeneous members are combined by meaning into links, when placing punctuation marks, each link is taken as one homogeneous member:
A) In the endless, in the free space shine and movement, roar and thunder(Tyutch.) - four homogeneous members are connected in pairs by a union And into two links, between which there is no union; therefore the links are separated by a comma;
b) I love the lush decay of nature, the forests dressed in crimson and gold, in their canopies the sound of the wind and fresh breath, And the skies are covered with wavy haze, And a rare ray of sunshine, And first frosts, And distant threats of gray winter (P.) - additions noise And breathing have a common circumstance (in their entryway) and definition (wind) and are one link; therefore they are not separated by a comma, although the following is a conjunction And repeats;
V) The Ivashins had him as their own man And he had a tender fatherly feeling for Zina and admired her (Ch.) - the last two homogeneous predicates (had a fatherly feeling and admired) in meaning they constitute one link, since they talk about the relationship to Zina; therefore, there is no comma between predicates.
4. Whole expressions with a repeating conjunction are never separated by a comma: and this and that, neither this nor that, both this and that, and this way and that, and here and there, neither here nor there, and day and night, and cold and hunger, neither fish nor meat, neither light nor dawn, neither give nor take and the like.
5. Before adversarial alliances a, but, yes (==but) a comma is added.
EXAMPLES. I will put not the family, but the mind as a governor. (P.) The appeal was written in rough, But strong expressions. (P.) The spool is small, Yes expensive (Ate.)
In the absence of an adversative conjunction between homogeneous members, a dash is placed rather than a comma: They don't live here - it's paradise. (Kr.)
6. If homogeneous members are connected by a double conjunction, then a comma is placed before the second part (between homogeneous -
our members): Sanin felt in his entire being if not pleasure, That some lightness. (T.)
On the connecting meaning of some coordinating conjunctions.
Some of the unions (and, Yes in meaning And ) are used in a connecting sense. In this case, they add what came to mind after the thought had already been expressed. or they add an unexpected consequence. Before conjunctions with this meaning, the voice is lowered and a pause is made. Union yes and has only connecting meaning.
A comma is placed before connecting conjunctions; instead of a comma there can be a dash or even a period.
EXAMPLES. 1) Fedotik (Irine). Just now I bought colored pencils for you from Pyzhikov on Moskovskaya.. AND this little knife. (Ch.) Oh Fedotik remembered the knife when the thought had already been expressed. Union And in this example it has a connecting meaning.
2) The caretaker stood, stood - yes and left. (P.) The caretaker, pushed out by the footman, in bewilderment, confused, stood, stood closed door, and then, without thinking of anything, he left. Additional character of the predicate left shown by the conjunction yes and and a pause before it, which is indicated by a dash in the letter.
3) Lizaveta Ivanovna was a domestic martyr. She was pouring tea And received reprimands for wasting too much sugar; she read novels aloud, and was to blame for all the author’s mistakes; she accompanied the countess on her walks, And was responsible for the weather And behind the pavement. (P.) In this example, in three sentences the conjunction And has a connecting meaning. He adds a predicate, which means something completely unexpected, which does not follow from what was said.
Unions with the indicated meanings can also be joined by heterogeneous members, for example: But I give him a job, and a very interesting one. (Sharp)
Homogeneous definitions.
1. Definitions are considered homogeneous if they characterize the subject from one point of view, according to any one characteristic (that is, they are homogeneous logically and in meaning). Each of the homogeneous definitions is directly associated with the defined noun, and therefore a conjunction can be inserted between them And . Homogeneous definitions have
the following values:
a) serve to list varieties of objects by indicating their distinctive features, for example: The store received wool, silk, and linen fabrics (both wool, silk, and linen);
b) list the signs and attributes of an object, forming, as it were, one series of synonyms, for example: Finally comes the long, boring, stormy winter (A.) (and long, and boring, and stormy).
2. Heterogeneous ones must be distinguished from homogeneous definitions. A heterogeneous definition refers to a combination of a defined noun and a definition attached to it, like a complex name for an object, for example: Walked long commodity train. (Ch.) In this sentence the first definition long refers to more than one word train, and to the combination freight train, as a complex name for an object. Another example: He studied in higher education establishment. Such definitions are not separated by a comma.
Definitions that characterize an object from different sides are also heterogeneous, for example its size, shape, color, material, etc. Compare: wide asphalt highway, large rectangular stone slab, long red scarf. In this case, there is no comma between the definitions.
Note: Some Examples allow for different understandings, resulting in different pronunciations and different punctuation. Let's take an example:
1) They smoldered silently tiny, motionless eyes. (T.) 2) Deafly smoldered his tiny still eyes. This example can be understood in such a way that definitions list the characteristics of an object, and separate them with commas; It can also be understood that the first definition (tiny) refers to the combination of a defined with a second definition (fixed eyes) and don't put a comma.
The first understanding is more consistent artistic descriptions, striving for clarity, and the second - prosaic, precise speech, striving for generalization.
Let's take another example: 1) I need different, spicy knife. 2) I'm below other spicy knife. If this example is to be understood in such a way that the second definition explains the first (you need another one, but exactly sharp knife, since the first knife turned out to be dull), then a comma should be put, but if it needs to be understood in such a way that the first definition another refers to the combination sharp knife(there is one sharp knife, you need another similar one), then the comma should not be inserted.
Agreement in number in sentences with homogeneous members.
I. When the subject closest to the predicate or all subjects are in the plural, the predicate is also put in the same number. It's fun on the other side curled up willows, young oak trees and willows. (Cor.) Questions, exclamations, stories fell down vying with each other. (T.)
When the subject closest to the predicate or all subjects are singular, agreement depends on the meaning of the conjunctions and the order of words.
If homogeneous subjects are connected by connecting conjunctions or only by intonation, and the predicate follows them, then it is usually placed in the plural: Youth and nature accelerated my recovery. (P.) When the predicate stands before homogeneous subjects, it is placed either in the singular, agreeing with the nearest subject, or in the plural: Forgotten camp noise, comrades and brothers. (Gr.) On all faces expressed excitement and anxiety. (L.T.) However, even in this position, the predicate, which denotes an action performed by several persons (for example, got together, got together, got together etc.), must be placed in the plural. Usually in summer came together and brother Nikolai, and sister Elena, and uncle Vanya and his wife.
When homogeneous subjects are connected by disjunctive conjunctions, the predicate is often put in the singular to show that in each at the moment it is connected with any one of the subjects: 1) Experienced fear or momentary
panic attack in just a minute Seems and funny, and strange, and incomprehensible. (Form.) 2) Sometimes a dead snake will float by pole or log. (M.G.) If the predicate wants to be attributed to all subjects, it is put in the plural: Either loud laughter or a song were heard in the revived rooms of an old house.
In the case of combining homogeneous subjects with adversatives
By conjunctions, the predicate agrees in gender and number with the nearest homogeneous member: Me oppressed not pain, but heavy, dull bewilderment. (M. G.) Not knowledge, but intuition suggested the right decision for me.
II. A definition relating to several homogeneous definables agrees with them in number in the same way as a predicate with homogeneous subjects. It should be noted that adjective definitions are more likely to agree with the closest qualifier, for example: Her gorgeous the fur coat and hat made no impression. (Ch.) Enmity and captivity old one let the Finnish waves forget. (P.)
Note: This does not apply to isolated definitions: they are, as a rule. are placed in the plural: in these dispatches already had some thoroughness and accuracy, so necessary in the matter of war. (S.-C.)
III. If a noun has several homogeneous definitions listing types of objects, then this noun is usually put in the singular, for example:
1) Student success in the first and second quarters were very average. 2) Number of students in primary and secondary school increased sharply. The plural is preferred if the noun comes before adjectives or if it is necessary to emphasize that there are several objects: 1) There were factories aviation, mechanical engineering, metallurgical. 2) He walked to the threshing floor, cattle and horse yards.(L.T.)
Exercise 76. Write by inserting the missing letters. Place punctuation marks. Underline the homogeneous members of the sentence (if a sentence has several rows of homogeneous members, then underline the homogeneous members of one row with one line, another with two, etc.).
1) The first snow is flashing. 2) The carts were loaded with hay, straw, bags of flour, pots, bricks... and firewood. 3) Nogai guides in burkas and lassos galloped around them. 4) He was tall, thin and seemed to be about thirty years old. 5) For two days the secluded fields, the coolness of the gloomy oak forest, and the murmur of a quiet stream seemed new to him. 6) Through the window Tatyana saw in the morning a whitewashed courtyard with a curtain roof and a fence on the glass, light patterns of trees in winter silver, forty cheerful ones in the yard and the softly covered winter mountains with a brilliant carpet. 7) In front of the house, multi-colored lights flashed, spun, rose up in ears of palm trees, fountains, rained down with stars, faded away and flared up again.
77. Read, indicate the meaning of conjunctions that appear with homogeneous members; Explain the placement of punctuation marks for homogeneous terms. Explain the spelling of words in all marked cases.
1) Mature pine trees with pale yellow trunks, dark oaks and magnificent ash trees raised their lonely tops high here and there. 2) The gloomy forest is sullenly silent or howls dully. 3) And it smells like smoke, and grass, and a little tar, and a little leather. 4) The sky was either covered with loose white clouds, or suddenly cleared in places for a moment. 5) The last waves of warmed fog either roll down and spread out like tablecloths, or twist and disappear into the depths. gently with And rising above. 6) The felled aspens crushed both grass and small bushes. 7) Tchertop-hanov was known throughout the neighborhood as a dangerous and extravagant, proud and bully of the first hand. 8) I couldn’t discover passion in him neither to food neither to the hunt. 9) He would I came to you myself, but I was afraid. 10) I also try to acquire something through correspondence and lessons. 11) The sun was shining and warm, but Not inferno.
78 . Write it down using punctuation marks. Fill in the missing letters.
1) The rapids bushes were all blown deep into the snow by the blizzard. 2) In the snowdrifts in front of her, a seething dark and gray stream rustles and swirls in its waves. 3) The moon took off and with a languid light illuminated Tatiana’s pale beauty and loose hair and drops of tears. 4) I love furious youth and tightness and sparkle and joy. 5) In harmony, my rival was the noise of the forests or the violent whirlwind or the living melody of the orioles or the dull noise of the sea at night or the sh...sweat of a quiet...streaming river. 6) He [the poet] will collect new thoughts and feelings and pass them on to us. 7) I remember the high peaks of the mountains and the flowing waters, the cheerful streams and the shadow and the noise and the red lengths. 8) Between the highlanders...the captive observed their faith, morals, education, loved their lives, simplicity, hospitality, thirst for abuse, free movements, the speed and lightness of their legs and the strength of the doe. 9) On the way, I thought about both this and that for the deliverance of the poor girl. 10) Although my successes were slow, they were good...reliable.
(From the works of A. S. Pushkin.)
79. Read the examples and indicate where the definitions serve to list varieties of objects, where they list the characteristics of the object, where one explains the other, where the first definition refers to the combination of a noun and an adjective. Explain the spelling of words in all marked cases.
1) Amusingly colorful with their pink, lilac, fawn hats, they looked out And earthy damp and ki. 2) Only here and there between the bushes were tiny clearings with emerald green, silky thin grass. 3) Motionless silvery clouds could be seen here and there in the sky. 4) It was a beautiful July day. 5) Gemma put on a big straw NN oh hat. 6) Her Not the large, pink, pretty face breathed with irrevocable determination. 7) She was Not It’s unpleasant to show yourself to me in this new, unexpected light. 8) Muffled, restrained sobs suddenly struck me. 9) Suddenly a loud noise was heard from the yard and Sky voice. 10) I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long NN oh disheveled NN oh beard. 11) A different, fresh look is needed here.
(From the works of I. S. Turgenev.)
80. Copy using punctuation marks and inserting missing letters.
1) Everywhere between the trees flashed white red blue shirts. (T.) 2) The entire river was dammed with fine, solid ice soaked in water. (T.) 3) I turned into a long linden a...ey. (Ch.) 4) In the distance, the clearing was crossed by a high railway embankment. (Ch.) 5) It was a moonlit, clear evening. (Ch.) 6) Direct... there was complete darkness. (Ch.) 7) A fine, rare rain began to fall. 8) All around was the same gloomy, strict wildlife. (L.T.) 9) He fixed his moving gaze on the distant masses of gray, ruddy blue mountains. (P.) 10) The need for a new, better life hurt my heart unbearably. (Ch.) 11) Nekhlyudov inhaled the strong smell of a young birch leaf. (L.T.)
81 . Write by inserting the missing letters; Explain the agreement in the number of predicates with homogeneous subjects, and definitions with homogeneous definables.
1) In the village... stomping and screams were heard. (L.T.) 2) Noise and screaming were heard everywhere. (P.) 3) All faces expressed excitement and anxiety. (L.T.) 4) Sometimes you can hear the crackle of a gun, the vague din of battle. (T.) 5) In all her movements one could notice either... negligence or... fatigue. (T.) 6) They [the children] are worried not only about the present, but also about the future of the kittens. (Ch.) 7) The prepared large fork and spatula made of maple wood made one suspect that boiled sterlet was hardly being prepared. (L.T.) 8) His calmness and simplicity of address surprised Olenin. (L.T.) 9) She wiped every thing so carefully, as if the vase or book were alive. (M.G.)
82. In the sentences below, to the existing main and minor members, add others that are similar to them.
Sample. The factory requires mechanics. ... - The plant requires mechanics, turners, and electricians.
1) Boards were brought to the warehouse, ... 2) The boy loved to make things: planing, ... 3) His briefcase was old, ... 4) Snow lay everywhere: in the fields, ... 5) In our forest not only spruce and pine trees grow, but also... 6) The wind either died down, then... 7) He did not receive letters from anyone: not from his brother, ... 8) Cheerful, ... voices are heard from the street children. 9) Pavel tried to help his mother in everything: he sawed wood, ... 10) The silence of the night was sometimes broken by the cry of an eagle owl, ... 11) The visitor turned out to be a man of average height, ... 12) Athletes from all over the planet came to the Olympics: from France...
Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members.
A general word is a member of a sentence that is more general designation for all homogeneous members standing with it.
In the example There was in the basket game: two black grouse and a duck (Gonch.) the generalizing word is the subject game.
A generalizing word can be any member of a sentence, for example: predicate - Estate location it was good: friendly, secluded and free (T.), circumstance - The bird was everywhere: in the garden, in the vegetable garden, on the threshing floor, on the street (A.), definition - Headquarters in the village of Taginka two divisions: Zheleznaya and Penza (Mal.) etc.
Combinations of words can be generalizing, for example:
K. black forest also belongs berry trees: bird cherry and rowan. (A.)
Very often, generalizing words are expressed by attributive and negative pronouns and pronominal adverbs: everything, no one, nothing, always, never, everywhere, everywhere, nowhere, nowhere etc.
Homogeneous members answer the same question as the generalizing word with which they stand: In the field, in the grove, in the air -everywhere Silence reigned.
Generalizing words are the same members of the sentence as homogeneous members that appear with generalizing words, for example:
1) Suddenly All came to life: and forests, and ponds, and steppes.(G.)(All highlighted words are subjects.) 2) In the forests, on the mountains, by the seas and by the rivers - everywhere we will find the brothers. (OK.)(All highlighted words are circumstances of place.)
Note: With homogeneous subjects there may be nominal predicates with a general meaning, for example: Apples, pears, oranges, tangerines, grapes - fruits,...
Colon and dash for homogeneous terms.
1. When a generalizing word comes in front of homogeneous members of a sentence, then a pause is made before the homogeneous members, and a dot is placed in the letter, for example: All things have changed around: both the weather and the nature of the forest.(L.T.)
2. If the sentence does not end with homogeneous members, then a dash is placed after them: All This: flowers, glitter, sounds and smells- it was pressing on my eyes. (M.G.)
If, according to the context, a comma is required after homogeneous members with a preceding generalizing word (for example, before an adversative conjunction), then the dash after the homogeneous members is usually omitted, for example: People have experienced many natural disasters: fires, drought, floods, but this did not break the will of man in his struggle with nature.
3. A generalizing word may be followed by a conjunction or
introductory word warning about the enumeration: somehow, namely, for example etc.; before such a conjunction or introductory word a comma is placed, and after it a dot: He was served the usual in taverns dishes, such as: cabbage soup, brains with peas. sausages with cabbage. (G.)
4. If a generalizing word comes after homogeneous members of a sentence, then in pronunciation there is a pause after the homogeneous members, and a dash is placed in the letter: In the steppe, beyond the river,
on the roads - everywhere it was empty. (L.T.)
5. The generalizing word may be preceded by an introductory word:
in a word, in a word, in general etc.; The ti r is placed before the introductory word, and after it there is a comma: But common sense, firmness and freedom, ardent participation in other people's troubles and joys - in a word, all her virtues were definitely born with her. (T.)
Note: Sometimes a colon is placed before homogeneous members of a sentence if there is no generalizing word before them; this usually happens in business and scientific speech.
EXAMPLE The meeting was attended by: director of the institute S. I. Ivanov, deputy director I. T. Protsenko, deans of faculties P. M. Simonov and M. S. Uspensky, scientific secretary P. M. Timofeev.
Stylistic differences in constructions with homogeneous members.
Homogeneous members used without conjunctions or joined by conjunctions And or But , have no stylistic coloring and are common to all functional styles. Constructions with homogeneous members connected by a union Yes, are more typical for colloquial speech and the language of folklore. Wed: Blue And scarlet banners flutter over the stadium. - Cloaks of only two colors - blue and gray(from colloquial speech); He small in stature, but physically very strong(book design).- Small, but smart. The spool is small, but expensive(sayings); You talk a lot, but you do little(from colloquial speech).
Constructions with unions And ... And, Not only ... But And, How ... So And close in meaning. Wed: He came both yesterday and today. - He came not only yesterday, but also today. - He came both yesterday and today. Moreover, constructions with a repeating conjunction And stylistically neutral, and constructions with conjunctions Not only ... But And, How ... So And gravitate towards bookish and written speech. Both parts in each of these conjunctions are constant and cannot be replaced by other words. For example, it is incorrect:
“She loves not only literature, but also physics” or: “not only literature, but also physics”; "He came like yesterday and also today." Such constructions are unacceptable in the Russian literary language.
Exercise 83. Write by inserting the missing letters. Explain punctuation marks.
1) Everything around suddenly became darker: trees, grass and earth. 2) The house was still sleeping like a dead sleep in the morning. 3) The entire estate of Tchertopkhanov consisted of four log houses of different sizes, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn and a bathhouse. 4) Everything in his house: music, furniture, food, and wine - not... only could not be called paramount, but even to the second degree... it was suitable. 5) These long readings, this silence, this snail-shaped hidden life - all this went just in tune with his spiritual structure. 6) Tchertop-hanov covered his ears with ... both hands and ran. And hops, and anger, and self-confidence - everything flew out at once. 7) We will not only play comedies, we will play everything: dramas, ballets and even tragedies. 8) A thin aquiline nose with open translucent nostrils, a bold outline of high eyebrows, pale, slightly sunken cheeks - all the features of her face expressed wayward passion and carefree prowess. 9) On the red... grass, on the blades of grass, on the straws - countless threads of autumn cobwebs glittered and... shimmered everywhere.
(From the works of I. S. Turgenev.)
84. Write it down using punctuation marks. Explain the spelling of words in all marked cases.
1) The Circassian hangs his armor around on centuries-old roots combat shield a burka, a shell, a shell, a quiver, and a bow. 2) Everything is alive there and the poplars are cool in the shade of the olive trees, the sleeping herds around the houses are decided e skeins of grapes. 3) There were two of us, brother and me. 4) Neither you nor she will forget what happened.
5) And with it they put a military shell Not a loaded arquebus, a quiver and a bow, a Georgian dagger and checkers of crosses? steel.
6)Neither muses neither works neither joys of leisure nothing will replace his only friend. 7) Something familiar is heard in the long songs of the coachman, either daring revelry or heartfelt melancholy.
(From the works of A. S. Pushkin.)
II. 1) Sharp hunting requires three conditions: a dark night, light water and completely clear weather. 2) It hits with a sharp edge big fish somehow pike catfish asps pike perch. 3) At this time of year, large fish somehow did not take chub and tench.
(S. T. A k s a k o v.)
85. Copy using missing punctuation marks. Fill in the missing letters.
What could be more wonderful and interesting than underground caves? Narrow winding entrance. Dark and damp. Gradually you get used... to the light of a trembling candle. The passages stretch...the branches...then unexpectedly expand...into entire halls, then steeply descend...somewhere down and suddenly break off into abysses. No ropes, no hooks, no rope ladders n...that doesn't help to get...to unknown depths in order to fully explore the underground labyrinth.
In the echoing emptiness of the caves you can hear various sounds and the rustling of bats and the quiet measured noise of falling drops and dull rolls of stones breaking off under your feet. They roll for a long, long time until somewhere in the distance a splash of water is heard. You try...to guess what a lake is, an underground river or a waterfall.
Especially wonderful in the caves is the lush decoration, either from fancy white snow patterns or from long high columns or from icicles, garlands and curtains hanging from above. Sometimes the walls of caves are covered...with deposits of white yellow red minerals. The strange shapes of these deposits resemble either the figures of some giants or the bones of giant lizards.
(According to A.E. Fersman.)
86. Copy using missing punctuation marks.
All species of resinous trees, such as pine, spruce, fir and others, are called “red forest” or “red forest”. All other tree species that lose their leaves in the fall and renew them in the spring, such as oak, elm, sedge, linden, birch, aspen, alder, and others are called “black forest” or “black forest.” Among the black forests we should also include those species of bushes that also lose their leaves in winter, viburnum, hazel, honeysuckle, wolf's bast, rose hips, common willow grass, and others.
(S. T. A k s a k o v.)
87. Based on the program and textbook of the Russian language for the third grade, establish which homogeneous members and unions elementary school students are introduced to. Come up with eight sentences yourself with such homogeneous members and conjunctions. In this case, use the list of difficult to write words available in the program.
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« »This article will help you summarize all your knowledge on the topic “homogeneous members of a sentence”.
Homogeneous members are words that refer to the same member of the sentence or are explained by the same member of the sentence and answer the same question. Any members of a sentence can be homogeneous: subjects, predicates, secondary members.
How to find homogeneous members in a sentence
To find homogeneous members, you must first find the main members, and then make up all possible phrases and highlight those words that depend on the same word and answer the same question.
Homogeneous members can be connected by enumeration intonation with conjunctions (and, a, but, yes and others), or only by enumeration intonation (without conjunctions). Homogeneous members in a sentence are marked graphically by drawing a circle above each homogeneous member.
An example of a simple sentence with homogeneous subjects:
OOO
Blizzards, snow and fog are always subject to frost.
(What?) Blizzards, snow, fogs (what?) are submissive. This is the case when homogeneous members are explained by one member of the sentence.
An example of a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates:
Oh Oh
The old lady picked a very beautiful flower from the garden and gave it to Zhenya...
The old lady (what did she do?) tore it off. The old lady (what did she do?) served. Homogeneous predicates refer to the same member of the sentence - the subject.
An example of a simple sentence with homogeneous minor members:
Oh Oh
There is a short but wonderful time in the original autumn.
The time is (what?) short. It’s (what?) wonderful time. Short, marvelous - homogeneous secondary members, or rather, homogeneous definitions.
Often the student mistakes heterogeneous parts of a sentence for homogeneous ones, and confusion arises in commas. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to those words that are similar to homogeneous members, but are not.
Not are homogeneous members of the sentence
- repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition. Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence. Examples:
We seemed to be floating in the air and spinning, spinning, spinning. White daisies run back and forth under his feet;
- repeating identical shapes connected by a particle, not like that. Examples:
believe it or not, try, don’t try, write like this, write like this, work like this;
- combinations of two verbs, of which the first is lexically incomplete, for example:
I’ll take it and say, I took it and complained, I’ll go and have a look;
- stable combinations with double conjunctions, between which a comma is not placed (!). Examples:
neither back nor forward, neither for anything nor for anything, neither fish nor meat, nor sleep nor spirit, and laughter and sin, and this way and that, and day and night, and laughter and grief, and old and young, and so and so like this, here and there, neither more nor less, neither alive nor dead, neither yes nor no, neither day nor night, neither end nor edge, neither fluff nor feather, neither one nor the other, neither add nor subtract.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
IN elementary school they are not taught to distinguish between homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous definitions. Meanwhile, this is important, because in the first and second cases, commas are placed differently.
Homogeneous definitions indicate signs various items(English, French) or similar signs of one subject (boring, tiring day).
Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object or phenomenon with various sides, often expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives (wonderful string orchestra) or qualitative adjectives of different semantic groups (cold large drops). Heterogeneous definitions appear only before the word being defined.
The difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions is as follows:
- each of the homogeneous definitions relates directly to the word being defined;
- the first definition of a pair of heterogeneous ones refers to the subsequent phrase.
A little trick: if you can insert a conjunction between definitions without losing the meaning And, then they are homogeneous. Between heterogeneous insert And impossible.
The glass plays with lights, like small precious stones.
You cannot insert a conjunction ( small precious stones). Precious stones(what?) small. There is no intonation of listing. These are heterogeneous definitions.
Oh Oh
The hallway is cold and smells of damp, frozen firewood bark.
It is possible to insert a conjunction and ( damp and frozen bark). There is an intonation of enumeration. These are similar signs of one object; they characterize the object from one side. These are homogeneous definitions.
- Adjective definitions that characterize an object or phenomenon from different angles are not homogeneous.
Large glass doors were wide open.
Large glass - designation of size and material, this Not homogeneous members.
In my archive I found a yellow school notebook, written in fluent handwriting.
Yellow school - designation of color and purpose, Not homogeneous members.
But sometimes in works of art there may be sentences in which there are commas between definitions that characterize the subject from different angles.
OOO
Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived (Chekhov).
- Definitions are considered heterogeneous if one definition is expressed by a pronoun or numeral, and the other by an adjective.
Why don't you wear your new dress?
Finally we waited for the first warm days.
How to put commas between homogeneous terms
Now that we have learned to find homogeneous terms and distinguish them from heterogeneous ones, let's practice placing commas.
Homogeneous members of a sentence can be connected with or without the help of conjunctions.
- If between there are no homogeneous members of unions, then a comma is added.
- Before unions a, but, yes meaning but,but, however in the meaning but between homogeneous members Always a comma is added.
- If homogeneous members connect single union and, yes, in the meaning of and, or, or, then there is a comma before it Not is placed.
- If homogeneous members connect repeated conjunctions and...and, neither...nor, or...or, either...either, then... then, not that... not that, then between they have a comma is put. That is, if conjunctions are repeated, then punctuation marks are placed in the same way as in a non-union connection. A comma is placed between all homogeneous members even in the case when only part of them is connected by repeating unions, and the rest are connected by a non-union connection.
- In the case of compound conjunctions (if not..., then; if not..., then; although..., but also; both..., and; not only..., but also; not so much... ., as much..., as much; not that..., but; not that..., a) a comma between homogeneous terms is put.
Between Not homogeneous definitions comma Not is placed.
If homogeneous terms are separated by a comma, then commas are placed only between them.
OOO
But I loved the birds taking flight, and the boat, and the oars on the boat.
Oh and Oh and Oh
Commas are used only between homogeneous terms (take-off, boat, oars). There is no comma before the word take-off, because it is the first of the homogeneous terms.
O O O O
The sun looks from the sky, and shines, and burns, spreading across the fields and meadows.
Oh and Oh and Oh and Oh
There is a comma before the first repeated conjunction, because this conjunction stands between homogeneous members (looks, shines).
OOO
I told about the dog, and about the baby elephant, and about the little doe.
and oh and oh and oh
There is no comma before the first repeated conjunction, because it is not between homogeneous members, but before the first of them.
Commas in simple sentences with homogeneous members without conjunctions
- If there are no unions, commas are always placed between homogeneous members. Example:
OOO
The river is spread out, flowing, lazily sad...
Commas in simple sentences with homogeneous members connected by a single conjunction
- If the union and, yes in the meaning of and, or, or single, no comma is placed in front of it.
Oh Oh
Birch branches And poplars are seen from the garden.O O O O
I love buns, buns, loaves And cupcake!
- If there is a union between homogeneous members a, but, yes meaning but,but, however in the meaning but, that is, an adversative conjunction, then a comma is always placed before it.
Oh Oh
I will put not the race, but the mind as a governor (Pushkin).
Union however should be distinguished from introductory word however: the conjunction can be replaced by the synonymous conjunction but. If however is a conjunction, then the comma is placed only before it.
Oh Oh
The task was not difficult, but time-consuming. (The task was not difficult, but time-consuming.)
If however is an introductory word, then commas are placed on both sides.
He, however, remained calm.
Commas in simple sentences with homogeneous members connected by repeating conjunctions
- A comma is placed before repeating conjunctions only between homogeneous members.
OOO
No longer visible neither land, neither trees, neither sky.OOO
I was paying attention And to the cry of birds, And to their songs And for the flight.O O O O
I love bread And cake, And cakes, And gingerbread
- A comma is placed between all homogeneous members, even when only part of them is connected by repeated conjunctions, and the rest are connected without the help of conjunctions.
O O O O O
He is blind, stubborn, impatient, frivolous, and arrogant (Pushkin).
- If a conjunction connects homogeneous members in pairs, then a comma is placed only in front of paired groups.
O O O O
I am happy and strong, free and young (Bryusov).
- Paired conjunctions can be connected by a repeating conjunction and.
O O O O
Mines exploded both near and far, to the right and to the left.
- With two homogeneous members with a repeating conjunction, a comma may not be placed if the homogeneous members form a close semantic unity (such homogeneous members do not have explanatory words):
and brothers and sisters, and parents and children, and body and soul, and poetry and prose, and days and nights, and knives and forks, etc.
Most often, such unities form antonyms:
and glory and shame, and love and hatred, and joy and sorrow.
- Sometimes an alliance seems to be repetitive, but in reality these are single alliances connecting homogeneous members of different groups.
O O O O
At home and at work He searched and didn't find peace.
The first union connects homogeneous circumstances of the place: at home and at work; the second conjunction connects homogeneous predicates: I searched and did not find; therefore, each of these conjunctions is single, no comma is used.
Compound conjunctions
- Homogeneous members with compound conjunctions (if not..., then; if not..., then; although..., but also; both..., and; not only..., but also; not so much. .., as much... as much; not that..., but; not that..., a) are separated by only one comma, which is placed before the second part of the conjunction.
Oh Oh
I have an errand How from the judge so and from all our friends to reconcile you with your friend.
Unions and also, or even may have a connecting meaning (meaning “and moreover”). Please note that after the second homogeneous member of a sentence with such a conjunction, a comma is not placed (remember that a comma is only placed between homogeneous members). For example:
Oh Oh
It can be difficult or even It is impossible to immediately understand such a situation.
Homogeneous members in sentences with a generalizing word
In sentences with generalizing words, punctuation marks are placed in accordance with the rule: if the generalizing word is before homogeneous members, we put a colon after it; if after homogeneous members or the sentence continues, we put a dash after the homogeneous members.
- If a generalizing word comes before homogeneous members, then a colon is placed after it. Example:
Yellow maple leaves were lying everywhere: on paths, on benches, on car roofs.
- If a generalizing word comes after homogeneous members, then a dash is placed in front of it. Example:
On paths, on benches, on car roofs – everywhere yellow maple leaves lay.
- If a generalizing word comes before homogeneous members, and after them the sentence continues, then a colon is placed after the generalizing word, and a dash is placed after the homogeneous members.
OOO
Everywhere: There were yellow maple leaves on the paths, on the benches, on the roofs of cars.
We figured out homogeneous members in simple sentences. But how to correctly place punctuation marks in complex sentences with homogeneous members? Let's take a closer look.
Complex sentences with homogeneous members
To correctly place commas in a complex sentence with homogeneous members, follow the algorithm. First, we define the basics of each part of a complex sentence. We put commas between parts. Now imagine that each part is a simple sentence. We find homogeneous terms and place commas according to the rules given above. Example:
Finding the main terms:
The little girl stood on the ball and then suddenly ran, but the ball spun under her feet and she started driving around the arena again.
We see 3 basics: The girl stood, ran. The ball spun. She went. This is a complex sentence consisting of three parts. We put commas between them.
The little girl stood on the ball and then suddenly ran , but the ball spun under her feet , and she drove around the arena again.
We find homogeneous members (stood and ran). We determine whether commas are needed between homogeneous terms. They are connected by a single conjunction and. There is no need for a comma between them. It turned out:
Oh Oh
The little girl stood on the ball and then suddenly ran , but the ball spun under her feet , and she drove around the arena again.
Another example:
Someone handed her various bell-shaped bracelets and she put them on her shoes and hands and again began to slowly spin around on the ball.
Finding the basics. Someone filed; she put it on and began to spin - 2 basics. This means that this is a complex sentence consisting of two parts. We put a comma between them.
Someone handed her various bell-shaped bracelets, and she put them on her shoes and hands and again began to slowly spin around on the ball.
Now we find homogeneous terms. In the first part there are no homogeneous members. In the second part there are homogeneous predicates dressed and began to spin. She (did what?) dressed. She (what did she do?) began to spin. Homogeneous predicates are connected by a single conjunction and. There is no comma before it.
There are also homogeneous minor members on shoes and hands. I put it on (where?) on my shoes. She put it (where?) on her hands. They are also connected by a single conjunction and. There is no comma. Result:
Someone gave her various bell bracelets,
OOO
and she put them on her shoes and on her hands and again
ABOUT
began to spin slowly on the ball.
And let's fix it:
In addition, the girl knew how to glow in the dark and she slowly floated in a circle and glowed and rang.
Let's highlight the basics. The girl knew how; it floated / glowed / rang - 2 basics. This is a complex two-part sentence. We put a comma between them.
The girl also knew how to glow in the dark , and she slowly floated in a circle and glowed and rang.
In the first part there are no homogeneous members, we do not touch it. In the second there are homogeneous predicates connected by a repeating conjunction and, therefore, we put commas between homogeneous members.
The girl also knew how to glow in the dark,
OOO
and she slowly swam in a circle , and glowed , and rang.
As you can see, the main thing is to correctly determine the basics and find homogeneous terms, and placing commas is as easy as shelling pears!
Now let’s practice composing sentences with homogeneous members on our own and using punctuation marks correctly.
Common mistakes when placing commas in sentences with homogeneous members
The most common mistake- a comma in a simple sentence is not placed BETWEEN homogeneous members, but before the first of them or after the last of them. A comma is placed BETWEEN homogeneous members.
The second mistake is “they don’t separate flies from cutlets,” they don’t differentiate parts of a complex sentence and homogeneous members.
Be careful, place commas according to the algorithm given by our 7th guru and everything will work out!
Make up a few simple sentences with homogeneous members
We will give examples, and by analogy you can come up with a couple more similar sentences.
O O O O
Daisies, cornflowers, bluebells and forget-me-nots grew in the meadow.Oh Oh
The dog whined and barked with joy.OOO
Autumn was golden, sunny, warm.
Several complex sentences with homogeneous members
Oh Oh
The cat climbed onto the roof of the booth, and the dog tried to jump and catch him.Oh Oh
The weather was clear and sunny, and the guys walked until the evening.
1. Homogeneous members of the sentence- these are the members of the sentence that
are related to the same word in a sentence and usually answer
same question. These are also the same members of the sentence,
united with each other by a creative connection.
Homogeneous members can be both major and minor members
offers.
Here's an example:
The old carpenter Vasily and his apprentice do the work slowly,
thoroughly.
In this sentence there are two rows of homogeneous members: homogeneous
the subjects Vasily and the student correspond to one predicate -
perform;
homogeneous circumstances of the course of action slowly, thoroughly
depend on the predicate (perform (how?) slowly, thoroughly).
2. Homogeneous members are usually expressed by the same part of speech.
Let's give an example: Vasily and the student are nouns in
nominative case.
But homogeneous members can also be morphologically heterogeneous:
A young lady of about thirty-two entered, glowing with health, with
laughing lips, cheeks and eyes.
In this sentence, among homogeneous definitions, the first is expressed
noun phrase in the genitive case (age thirty-two),
the second – a participial phrase (blazing with health), the third –
combination of three nouns instrumental case with the preposition with
with dependent participle (with laughing lips, cheeks and eyes).
Note. Sometimes a coordinating connection can connect and
opposite members of a sentence.
Let's give an example: It is not clear who and how distributed it throughout the region
news of the birth of a white boy.
Conjunctive words in subordinate clause are different members
sentences (subject who and adverbial manner of action how, but
They are connected by a coordinating conjunction and).
3. Homogeneous members are connected by coordinating conjunctions and intonation or just intonation. If homogeneous terms are separated by a comma, then
commas are placed only between them. Before the first homogeneous member,
There are no commas after the last homogeneous term.
Punctuation marks for homogeneous members X.
A) Non-union connection - a comma is placed between homogeneous members.
* , *, *
Here's an example:
A strange, motley, dense life passed with terrible speed.
Single connecting unions(and, yes=and) or disjunctive conjunctions
(either, or) – a comma is not placed between homogeneous terms.
* And *; * or *.
Here's an example:
She cried and stamped her feet;
Here and there along the road you come across a white birch or a weeping willow.
Note.
Conjunctions and, yes and, yes can have a connecting meaning. These unions
They introduce not homogeneous, but connecting members of the sentence. In this
In this case, a comma is placed before the conjunction.
Here's an example:
People made fun of her, and rightly so.
“People made fun of her, and rightly so;
Why would you order an artist, and a bad one at that, to draw?
- Why would you order an artist to draw, and a bad one at that?
Opposing alliances(but, but, but, however=but, yes=but) – a comma between
homogeneous members are placed.
*, A *; *, But *; *, however *; *, but *
Let's give an example: He looks handsome, but young;
Now the lake shimmered not entirely, but only in a few places;
Our kindergarten is small, but cozy.
D) Double and paired unions(if not..., if not..., then; not
so much..., so; although..., but also; both..., not only..., and; but also;
How many; as much... as; not that..., but; not that...,
a) – a comma is placed between homogeneous terms.
Not only *, but also *; both * and *; although *, but also *.
Here's an example:
The rainbow stretched not only over the outskirts of the city, but also far away
around;
I have instructions from both the judge and all our friends to reconcile
you and your friend;
For Vasily Vasilievich, although familiar, the power of Erofey was heavy
Kuzmich.
Homogeneous members can be combined with a general word. Generalizing
the word is the same member of the sentence as other homogeneous
members, answers the same question, but has a general meaning:
A generalizing word denotes the whole, and homogeneous members denote parts of it.
whole:
Outside the city, a village was visible from the mountain: square blocks, wooden
buildings, overflowing gardens, church spiers;
A general word denotes a generic ( general concept), and homogeneous
members – specific (more particular concepts):
Birds screamed shrilly: roosters, geese, turkeys (Fadeev).
Generalizing words are expressed by different parts of speech, but most often
pronouns and pronominal adverbs and nouns:
The forest is always beautiful: both on winter days and in spring (always -
pronominal adverb); Everything is here: both the building and the greenery - I perceived
especially I (everything is a pronoun).
Self-control task:
1. Find homogeneous members in these sentences.
What parts of speech are they expressed by?
Explain the spelling of the highlighted words, analyze them according to their composition
a) Visitors to the exhibition examined metal products with interest,
glass vases, national costumes, embroidery, jewelry from
mother of pearl brought from distant islands.
b) People came to the meeting to exchange experiences, to understand the assumptions
mistakes, make a plan further work.
c) Edward walked quickly, with a measured step, without looking around.
