Presentation "social system and church organization in Rus'." Formation of church organization in ancient Rus'
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Social system and church organization in Rus' What were the features of the structure of society in Ancient Rus'? What role did the Orthodox Church play in the life of the country? So far we have studied mainly political history of our Fatherland - the unification of East Slavic tribes under the rule of the Prince of Kyiv. At the same time, they found out that the unity Old Russian state It would have been impossible without the unification of the people living on its territory into a cohesive society called the people. A people (nationality) is a large group of people formed on the same territory, speaking the same language, bound by the same faith, common spiritual values, common economic activity Remember what signs are used to judge that people belong to the same nation?
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“There are 6420 per year. Oleg sent to make peace and establish an agreement between the Greeks and Russians. [The ambassadors of Prince Oleg the Prophet declared in Constantinople]: “We are from the Russian family, from Oleg, the Grand Duke of Russia, and from everyone who is under his hand.” Tale temporary years 1. Formation of the Old Russian people What factors, in your opinion, contributed to the unification of the East Slavic tribes into a single Russian people?
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Study the first paragraph of § 9 of the textbook (pp. 69 – 70) “Formation of the Old Russian Nationality”, find out what factors contributed to the process of formation of the Old Russian Nationality. Fill out the diagram: United Old Russian nationality Spiritual factor Military factor Military factor (defense) The common goals of the campaigns fostered a sense of kinship and unity of the Motherland Economic factor Economic factor (common affairs, trade) A single ancient Russian language was formed Spiritual factor (Christianity) Common faith, common standards of behavior, holidays, traditions
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2. The main layers of the population of Ancient Rus' So, all the people in the Old Russian state united into a single people, which, however, as in other countries, consisted of different layers, which we call classes. Remember, on what grounds are people united into one class? Name the main classes Western Europe? Estates – large groups people who have general signs(occupations, rights and responsibilities) The population of ancient Rus' is divided into free and dependent. Name the layers of the population of Ancient Rus' known to you
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At the top of Old Russian society were princes from the Rurik family. The prince's power rested on the squad, which was divided into senior and junior. The senior squad (boyars) was closest to the prince. The prince consulted with them, appointed them to the highest government positions (governors, thousand - heads of the people's militia, put them at the head of embassies). The junior squad are warriors and executors of princely orders. With the spread of Christianity, the Orthodox clergy is gaining more and more influence. Free population (Upper classes)
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Name your main activity Eastern Slavs? What do you think is the most numerous class in the Old Russian state? The bulk of the population are people (free peasants - community members). They lived in villages - small settlements. Residents of several nearby villages formed a neighboring (territorial community) - (rope or world) What are the main features of a neighboring community? Peasants - community members jointly paid tribute to the state for the right to use the land and protection. The land was considered the joint property of the community, land suitable for arable land was divided into plots for each family
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From the 9th century fortified settlements, enclosed by fortress walls, called cities, appeared. In Scandinavia, Rus' was called “Gardarika” - the country of cities. Name the Old Russian cities known to you. What are the main occupations of city residents? Cities: Fortifications where people from nearby villages could take refuge in case of danger; 2. Administrative centers - control centers, here the will of the prince was voiced, justice was carried out; 3. Centers of craft and trade The main population of the cities were merchants and artisans. The princes collected myto - trade duty - from trading people, which brought in a lot of income. Peasants brought the products they grew to the cities and bought handicrafts
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People from different lands came together at the city trade, common traditions developed in communication between them, and a single ancient Russian language was formed. Free population (Lower classes)
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Patrimonies, unlike communal lands, were the personal property of feudal lords (landowners). The estate consisted of the prince's estate, adjacent arable land and villages in which dependent peasants lived and worked for the prince. The princes began to grant land holdings to their warriors for their service, as well as to the Church. This is how boyar and church estates appear. A special place among ancient Russian settlements was occupied by estates located near large cities (from the word “otche” - father; estate - land of the father) - the hereditary land ownership of the prince (passing from father to son). A. Vasnetsov. Prince's Court Remember what duties in favor of the feudal lord were borne by dependent peasants in Western Europe? 3. Land relations Which classes of Ancient Rus' were feudal lords (landowners)?
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Working with paragraph 3 § 3 (p. 71), fill out the table: Dependent population of Ancient Rus' Dependent population Characteristics Slaves (Servants) Smerda Purchases Ryadovichi Prisoners of war (servants) or those who sold themselves into slavery for debts (slaves) Dependent peasants who carried duties in favor of the prince Ruined peasants - community members who received from the prince a “kupa” - a loan with livestock, tools and working off the debt People who entered into a “row” agreement with the prince (or other landowner), agreeing to live and work for the master
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4. Church organization. Temples and services Why did the Church play a huge role in the lives of people in the Middle Ages? After the adoption of Christianity in Rus', a clear church organization developed. Until the middle of the 15th century. The Russian Church was subordinate to the Patriarch of Constantinople, who appointed a metropolitan to Rus' - the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, whose residence was in Kyiv. Hilarion, a contemporary of Yaroslav the Wise, became the first Russian metropolitan. Yaroslav the Wise placed him on the metropolitan throne without the consent of the Patriarch of Constantinople, because. Rus' was at that moment in a state of war with Byzantium. The metropolitan appointed bishops to large cities. Subordinate to the bishops was the local clergy, which was divided into white and black. Remember who is classified as black and black. white clergy? Saint Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kyiv. Icon of the 11th century. Make a diagram: Organization of the Russian Orthodox Church
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Temples (churches and cathedrals - central city churches) Parish (built with the money of city or rural residents - parishioners of this temple) House (built in the houses and estates of wealthy people for their families) Hagia Sophia - the main Orthodox church of Veliky Novgorod, created in 1045 -1050 years. Under which prince was the cathedral built?
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5. Monasteries Remember what were the reasons for the emergence of monasteries in Western Europe? Provide facts confirming that monasteries in Western Europe were not only spiritual centers, but also cultural ones. Monks founded their own religious communities - monasteries, headed by abbots. One of the first monasteries in Rus' was founded by monk Anthony from Lyubech. He settled near Kyiv in a cave, lived alone, but news of his holiness spread and other people began to come to him. This is how the Kiev-Pechersky Monastery arose (“Pechersky” - from the word - “cave”). The monks ran the household together, translated church books from Greek, wrote icons and chronicles. Remember the name of the most famous chronicler - the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery? Kiev – Pechersky Monastery
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United Orthodox faith united disparate tribes - the ancestors of Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians into a single people. The Orthodox faith has been cementing the friendship of our fraternal peoples for more than a thousand years with common Christian values, which are fundamentally different from pagan ones. Remember, Olga (then still a pagan) took cruel revenge on the Drevlyans - according to the pagan tradition of blood feud. Remember what Vladimir, a Christian, said about himself, a pagan: “I was a beast, not a man.” Study paragraph 6 § 9 (p. 75) “Spiritual values. Old Russian ascetics and saints,” explain what values flourished in paganism, what values did Orthodox Christianity bring? Paganism is the cult of strength and cruelty. Orthodoxy is the cult of humility and good deeds.
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Homework: Textbook paragraph 9. Questions and assignments p. 76. Message (presentation) The first Russian saints
Question to point I. What changes in the life of the Eastern Slavs contributed to the formation of the Old Russian people?
Changes:
All tribes entered into a single state;
The militia of all tribes went on campaigns;
The prince's squad included warriors from all tribes;
In a single state there were uniform laws (Russkaya Pravda);
The tribes were also united by a common Orthodox faith;
The tribes were connected by trade both with each other and with foreign merchants.
Question for point II. What strata did the population of Western Europe consist of in the Middle Ages?
In Western Europe, monarchs, the highest nobility (dukes, marquises, counts, barons, etc.), knighthood and the common people stood out. The common people were divided into townspeople and peasants. In addition, there was a clergy, which was also divided by rank.
Question for point IV. Why did the Church play a big role in people's lives in the Middle Ages? What was the organization of the Catholic Church?
At that time, people had a religious worldview, they saw the world and their lives through the prism of religion, and the church explained the norms of religion.
The Catholic Church was led by the Pope. Large ecclesiastical areas were under the control of archbishops, these areas were divided into bishops' territories. Priests preached to the believers in church parishes. In monasteries, monks lived under the control of abbots.
Question to point V. What role did monasteries play in the life of Western Europe in the Middle Ages?
People placed their main hopes in monasteries for the salvation of their souls. Monks were needed to pray to the Lord for all people.
In addition, the monasteries played a large role in the economy: they owned large lands. These holdings were constantly increasing. For example, many rich and noble people bequeathed part of their estates to monks so that they would pray for their souls. Thanks to familiarity with books, it was often the monasteries that introduced advanced technologies: they built water mills, drained swamps, etc.
There were also monasteries cultural centers, at one time the main ones, although later they began to cede this role to universities. Books were rewritten here, and new ones were often written. Many architects, sculptors, jewelers and other craftsmen worked at the request of the monasteries, creating true masterpieces of the Middle Ages.
Large monasteries sometimes influenced politics. Or rather, it was influenced by abbots with the support of their monasteries. This refers to both secular and ecclesiastical politics. For example, the monasteries of the Cluny movement several times sought to have their man become Pope. We must not forget that monasteries often united into orders and in this case acted together.
Finally, we must remember that the Inquisition was also in the hands of the monks (Dominicans), and the Inquisition decided the destinies of people, sending many to the stake.
Question to paragraph No. 1. What system of government existed in Rus' in the 11th century?
The Old Russian state had a monarchy: it was ruled by Grand Duke. However, at the same time, the prince was forced to consult with his squad, especially the eldest (boyars) and could not do anything against her will. Thus, the power of the Grand Duke was limited.
Question for paragraph No. 2. Using a computer, compile and fill out a table in the notebook “Categories of the population of Rus' and their characteristics.”
Question to paragraph No. 3. How was princely and boyar ownership of land formed in Rus'? When answering, use the terms “transfer of land into private hands”, “princely possessions”, “patrimony”.
Initially, all land belonged to the communities. But its supreme owner was the prince. Initially, the prince built his courtyards and planted slaves only on empty lands, which became princely possessions. But gradually he began to reward his boyars with land, which they passed on to their descendants. This is how fiefdoms (that is, the possessions of fathers) appeared - the land began to pass into private hands. Sometimes the prince, as the supreme owner of all the land, transferred the possessions of the communities to the boyars. However, this did not cause indignation. At that time, in the Old Russian state there was a lot of free land; peasants could always move to a new plot. The main wealth was the workers.
Question for paragraph No. 4. Explain why in Western Europe Rus' was sometimes called the “country of cities.”
Many cities arose on the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks,” as well as on the way to the Volga (from where merchants headed to the Caspian Sea). In addition, the Russian lands were called the country of cities (Gardariki) in the Scandinavian sagas, and Scandinavia was not at all the most developed region of Europe; there were really few cities there.
Question for paragraph No. 5. Draw a diagram of “Church organization in Rus'” in your notebook.
Question for paragraph No. 6. What role did monasteries play in the life of Rus'?
Monasteries were cultural centers. It was here that books were copied, here they were translated from other languages, and new ones were created. For example, it was there that chronicles and lives of saints were written - this main part literature of that time. Monastery churches and their decorations also played important role in the development of culture.
Monasteries made a great contribution to economic life. They owned vast lands, and the princes and boyars constantly donated new ones.
Monasteries also helped in the defense of the state: walls around them were built to protect not only from worldly vanity, but also in case of war. It is clear from the monks buried in the caves of the Kiev-Pechora Lavra that some were killed in battle.
Finally, the large monasteries in major cities also influenced politics. Their abbots gave urgent advice to the princes, and they were forced to listen to this either out of fear of punishment from the Lord, or out of fear of an uprising, because the people at that time also believed in the clergy.
We think, compare, reflect: question No. 1. Using the text of the textbook and the Internet, compose a abstract for the message “Life in a Monastery” (choose one of the monasteries mentioned in the paragraph).
Life in the Kiev-Pechora Lavra:
General plan of the monastery;
The dwellings of the monks are their cells;
Food of monks, restrictions in this area;
Prayers of monks, stories about saints from among them;
The work of monks;
The book work of the monks, the creation of “The Tale of Bygone Years, etc.”;
Sermons, the influence of the monastery among the people.
We think, compare, reflect: question No. 2. Suggest the title of an article for a scientific journal on one of the topics in this paragraph. Be sure to use the word “problem” in the title.
The problem of the influence of monasteries on princely politics
We think, compare, reflect: question No. 3. Prove that landowners (princes, boyars) and ordinary farmers had both common and different interests.
All residents of the Old Russian state faced troubles that united them. The attacking enemies killed and robbed both rich and poor. Crop failures meant trouble for everyone. True, for the poor it was often death by starvation; noble people died for this reason less often.
But at the same time, farmers and landowners had different interests. The princes and boyars wanted to get people to work in their fields, preferably dependent ones, that is, those who could not leave for at will and start processing a new area. Ordinary farmers, on the contrary, sought to preserve their freedom and work only for themselves.
The place and role of Rus' in Europe
(Material for independent work and project activities)
Question to point I. What states existed in Western Europe in the 9th-11th centuries? What were the names of the rulers of these states?
In those centuries, such states as Norway, Denmark, France, England, Scotland, Great Moravia, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Papal State, the Holy Roman Empire and others already existed in Europe. Most of the rulers of these states were called kings, some were called dukes. There were also states of archbishops. For the entire Catholic world, there was one emperor (of the Holy Roman Empire) and one pope (who also headed his own state).
Question to paragraph No. 1. What types of transport were used in the 9th-12th centuries? for transporting goods?
First of all, they traded along rivers and lakes on boats. Land roads at that time remained too poor.
Question for paragraph No. 2. Which European countries did Rus' trade with?
They traded along the Baltic Sea with Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Poland, the Slavs and the Germans on the Baltic coast of modern Germany.
Question to paragraph No. 3. Which steppe peoples were opponents of Rus'?
At first, Russian squads fought with the Pechenegs, later the Polovtsians took the place of the Pechenegs. Also, at one time, Kyiv was threatened by the Khazars and Volga Bulgars; although these peoples cannot be considered completely steppe: their states included large trading cities on navigable rivers.
Question for paragraph No. 4. Select quotes from the text of the paragraph that speak about the equal nature of relations between Rus' and other states.
“The special relationship between Rus' and Byzantium found expression in dynastic marriages... Many daughters of Russian princes married representatives of the Byzantine imperial house.” At the same time, the textbook lists the wives of Russian princes from Byzantium.
“Rus' had constant relations with Germany, Norway, Sweden, and with distant England and France.”
We think, compare, reflect: question No. 1. Prove that in the 9th-12th centuries. Rus' was part of a single European political and economic space.
Proof:
Dynastic marriages of the Russian princely house;
Participation of Europeans (Poles) in wars between Russian princes;
Trade relations with European countries;
Acceptance of the Christian faith united with Europe (at that time there was no division between Catholicism and Orthodoxy).
We think, compare, reflect: question No. 2. Find out what influence Byzantium had on the development of Rus'.
It was from the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) that after baptism the culture came to the Old Russian state, replacing the former pagan one. Therefore, Constantinople became for Kyiv and other Russian cities an example of architecture, painting, books and other achievements of civilization. The entire Orthodox culture of the Kyiv state originates in the Greek land; most often, the masters who brought it to the Russian lands were Greeks and taught local students only here. Therefore, the influence of Byzantium can be called decisive.
We think, compare, reflect: question No. 3. Write a short essay in your notebook on the topic “The Role of Rus' in international trade IX-XII centuries.”
Suggested essay plan:
The level of development of world trade in the 9th-12th centuries, the Great Silk and other trade routes;
Trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”, its significance;
Trade of ancient Russian merchants in the Baltic Sea;
Trade of merchants of other countries with Novgorod;
Trade route along the Volga and the Caspian Sea, other states along this route, such as Volga Bulgaria;
The most active trade with the Arabs (archaeologists find most of all Arab coins in the layers of that time);
The attitude of the Slavs of that time to trade transactions and money (in particular, you need to remember about the cut: Arab coins were cut and paid for simply as pieces of silver, by weight, thus showing a complete lack of understanding of the essence of the coin as a product).
Task 1. Fill out the diagram. Use facts from paragraph 1 of § 9 to confirm the formation of the Old Russian people.
Task 2. Read a fragment from Russian Pravda and complete the tasks.
1) Give a definition of the concept “Russian Truth”.
“Russian Truth” is a set of laws in Rus'.
2) Confirm with excerpts from the document the existence social inequality in Ancient Rus'.
For the murder of a person from different strata, a different amount was required: for a private soldier - 5 hryvnia, and for a princely husband - 80!
3) Write down the concepts highlighted in the text. Define them.
Vira – court fee, fine. Hryvnia is the monetary unit of ancient Rus'. Ryadovich - a person who has entered into an agreement to perform work. Purchase - a person who received a loan from a master. Serf - slave. Lyudina is a simple, free resident of Rus'.
Underline the concepts denoting categories of population dependence.
4) Indicate how a person could become a slave.
A purchaser who did not repay the loan to the master.
Task 3. Define the following concepts.
Votchina is a large land property that belonged to a noble person in Rus' by right of inheritance.
Boyars are the highest stratum of society in Rus', owners of large estates.
Draw a plan - a diagram of the estate.
Place it nearby symbols, used on the plan diagram.
Task 4. Fill out the diagram.
Task 5. Fill out the table. Compare the role of monasteries in the life of Western European countries in the Middle Ages and in the life of Ancient Rus'. Emphasize the generalities.
Task 6. On what basis are the rows formed?
Metropolitan, bishop, archbishop - the highest church hierarchy.
Monks, abbots, cell - monastery.
Anthony and Theodosius of Pechersk, princes Boris and Gleb, Euphrosyne of Polotsk - holy monks and nuns.
Task 7. Read a fragment from the Life of St. Euphrosyne of Polotsk and answer the questions.
Read paragraph 6 § 9. Compare the contents of the paragraph with the document.
1) What spiritual ideals were embodied in the life and deeds of Euphrosyne of Polotsk?
Efficiency, selflessness, helping the poor and needy.
2) Explain what moments in the behavior and actions of people (Boris and Gleb, Anthony and Theodosius of Pechersk, Euphrosyne of Polotsk) believers can attribute to the manifestation of holiness.
Sacrificial love in Christ and renunciation of worldly joys for the sake of spiritual life.
3) With what reason, in your opinion, did Euphrosyne make the difficult journey to Jerusalem in her declining years?
In her old age, Euphrosyne decided to look at the land on which God and the Savior of the world once walked.
Task 8. Solve the crossword “in reverse”, that is, make up questions for it horizontally (11) and vertically (1). Use paragraphs 4 and 5 of § 9, as well as illustrations to the paragraph.
2. The socio-political role of the Church
2.1 Ecclesiastical jurisdiction
2.2 Clash and demarcation of ecclesiastical and secular jurisdictions
3. Political position and activities of the Church
3.1 International status of the Old Russian Church
3.2 Church pulpits in political conflicts
3.3 Church land ownership as a subject of conflict
Conclusion
References
Introduction
The problem of relations between the state and the church in specific Rus' is of undoubted scientific interest for studying the past of our country. The history of Russia, as well as the Old Russian state and feudal principalities that preceded it, is characterized by a close connection between the secular political organization of power and administration and the church.
The church appeared on the initiative of the princely power relatively late and had to adapt to the level of development of society and to the economic system that it found here at that time.
If we try to determine the areas of activity of the medieval church in the country, we can identify no less than six such large spheres. Firstly, this is activity directly related to cult - liturgical (cult) activity: service in church, confessional practice, performance of sacraments and requirements. Missionary activity can also be attributed to this area: conversion to Christianity, in particular the Christianization of the state of Rus' itself and the surrounding peoples who were or were not part of it. Perhaps, monastic activity in the narrow sense of the word also belongs here.
Another sphere of activity of the church can be considered cultural and ideological.
To the third sphere of church activity we include its role in the socio-economic life of the country as a land owner, a participant in the production relations of feudal society, who used the labor of church peasants and other groups of workers.
The fourth, public law, sphere is associated with the broad jurisdiction of the church as an integral part of the state organization.
A special, fifth sphere of activity of the church was the internal management of the church organization itself - from the metropolitan, bishops and abbots of monasteries to priests, deacons and ordinary monks.
Finally, the last area includes political activity churches both domestically and internationally.
Church leaders took an active part in the life of their city and principality, carrying out political assignments given to them by secular authorities; their duties were to meet the princes and table (enthronement) during their enthronement, participate in the kissing of the cross when concluding treaties as a state act, etc.
From the indicated large spheres in this work to one degree or another, only those that are related to the relationship between church organizations and the princely power and city administration are considered: the formation and development of the church structure, the metropolitan system, bishoprics, the socio-economic sphere: sources of material support for the church, church jurisdiction, implementation by church organizations some city control functions, domestic and foreign policy positions and activities of the church.
1. Formation and development of the church administrative structure and management
1.1 Formation of the original church organization in Rus'
Random and fragmentary information about the church organization in Russian sources makes it possible with great difficulty to reconstruct its history in the first half century after Vladimir adopted Christianity. This lack of information has led some researchers to the opinion that the church organization itself arose only 50 years after Rus' officially became Christian.
An important evidence of the emergence of the metropolitanate in Rus' in the first years after the adoption of Christianity is the mention of the Russian metropolitan see in the Byzantine list of sees (Notitia episcopatuum).
In several editions of the list of metropolitanates, which dates back to the end of the 11th century, the department of “Rosia” occupies permanent place with number 60 after the Metropolitanate of Serra and Pompeiopolis and before the Metropolitanate of Alanya.
To justify the existence of the metropolis from the time shortly after the adoption of Christianity, a general assessment of the nature of the relationship between Rus' and Byzantium until 1037 - 1039 is also essential. and after them.
The reign of Yaroslav was marked by a significant increase in the political authority of the country, which was expressed in the establishment of trade ties and marriage alliances with many countries, in the rise of national self-awareness, which was perfectly manifested in the “Sermon on Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion. This can also be seen in a certain freedom, both political and church relations with Byzantium itself, noticeable in Russian-Byzantine war 1043, and according to the princely appointment of Hilarion to the Kyiv Metropolis in 1051. The obligations of the prince, who had just established a church diocese in his country, subordinate to Constantinople, in relation to the emperor and patriarch would not allow him to do this. Byzantine lists of metropolitan sees contain indirect indications that the Kiev Metropolis was founded no earlier than 970. and no later than 997/98. Adoption of Christianity in Rus' in 988-990. narrows this period of time to 990-997/98. It is possible to make it even narrower. This is an indication from the Tale of Bygone Years for the consecration of the princely Tithe Church in Kyiv, which, according to the Tale of Bygone Years, happened in 6504 (996/97), and according to Memory and Praise to Prince Vladimir - in the ninth year after his baptism and 19 years before death, i.e. in the same 996.
Since in this act of creating the church and in the appointment of Anastas Korsunyanin and the Kherson and Tsarina priests, the participation of the metropolitan was not noted in any way, but the role of Vladimir was emphasized in every possible way, we can assume that at that time this highest church institution in Rus' did not yet exist. And the very organization of the princely Tithe Church presupposes a different status of the church organization without that single administrative center within the competence of the patriarchy, which became the Sofia department. Thus, the establishment of the Tithe Church preceded the establishment of the metropolitanate, but, as the data from the list of metropolitanates shows, not by much.
Closely connected with the court of Constantinople through Princess Anna, the emperor's sister, Vladimir was in search of optimal solution the question of the administrative structure of the local church organization, several years after the change of state religion, accepted in principle the form of church governance that existed in the empire and the countries belonging to its cultural circle. In connection with the formation of the early church organization in Kyiv shortly after the adoption of Christianity, the question arises about the role of the Tithe Church of the Virgin Mary, both before the emergence of the metropolitanate and after it. By its nature, it was a princely church, through which the prince’s initiative in Christianizing the population and carrying out the political and economic program that was associated with it was carried out. The church was officially dedicated to the Mother of God and was probably the first Christian church in Rus' dedicated to this widespread cult with deep pagan traditions.
1.2 Development of the church-administrative structure
The system of episcopal sees in Rus' is closely connected with the emergence of the metropolitan see in Kyiv. This very title of the see - metropolitan - in Byzantium implied the subordination to the metropolitan of other hierarchs, bishops, of which he was the head. The metropolis, which did not have any episcopal sees subordinate to it, was only titular, i.e. differed from the bishopric in title, and not in the volume and content of power. Accordingly, the metropolitan diocese included all dioceses of episcopal sees.
The establishment of the metropolis in Rus' thus presupposed the simultaneous creation of episcopal sees. Chronicles of the XVI-XVII centuries. indicate that four or six (different in different chronicles) bishops came to Rus' together with the metropolitan.
The question of the number and place of organization of episcopal sees must be resolved taking into account the fact that by the time the first stage of the formation of the church structure was completed, by the end of the reign of Yaroslav, their jurisdiction, practically or only theoretically, ideally, should have covered the entire territory of the state. Outside the created dioceses, at least their distant peripheries, there should have been no ancient Russian lands. In the process of developing the state structure and expanding Christianization, the territories of some large episcopal dioceses were divided and new sees were created, to which these dioceses were subordinate. According to the rules adopted in the Eastern Church, the creation of new bishops subordinate to the metropolitan was the responsibility of the latter, and not of the patriarch and the synod. In practice, it depended on the desires and material support of local princes. At the same time, the very organization of the system of bishops with their dioceses could not be a one-time act, for example, one year. It was formed over several decades and continued to develop later.
The process of including the main territory of the state and the emerging ancient Russian nation into the orbit of church power and the associated court in the middle and second half of the 11th century. was supplemented by another, also very important in the conditions of the state-ethnic development of the country. It was important to form dioceses headed by bishops in the territories that were being developed Kyiv princes and where missionary activity was very relevant.
By the middle of the 13th century. in Rus' there were 16 dioceses, in large part corresponding to large Russian principalities, equal in territory to Western European states.
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND CHURCH ORGANIZATION IN Rus'
Task 1. Make a plan to answer the question. What changes in the life of the Eastern Slavs contributed to the formation of the Old Russian people?
The formation of the Old Russian people was facilitated by:
- submission to the power of the Kyiv prince;
- participation of tribes in national affairs;
- joint military campaigns;
- smoothing out linguistic differences, forming a single Old Russian language;
- acceptance of Christianity, belief in one God;
- identifying oneself with the Russian people.
Task 2. Using the textbook text, fill out the table.
| The main layers of the population of Ancient Rus' | Their characteristics |
| Princes | The Grand Dukes collected tribute from all state lands, although the population was not personally dependent on them. The younger scions of the princely family received small towns as rulers and became feudal lords. |
| Druzhina | Boyars are the senior squad. The junior squad is the administration. The princely warriors carried out administrative and military functions. For faithful service they could receive lands for management. They collected tribute from them on behalf of the prince. |
| Tribal nobility | Rich community members. Some of them, by lending money in times of famine, could make their fellow citizens dependent. |
| Clergy | Ministers of worship in religions professing faith in one God. |
| Free community members, merchants, artisans | The bulk of the population of Rus' consisted of free farmers who paid tribute and carried out duties in favor of the state. |
| Dependent population | Smerdas, purchases, rank and file and slaves. Purchases are people who have taken a purchase (borrowed) and are working off the debt itself and the interest on it. Ryadovichi are persons who served landowners under a series (agreement) and, as a rule, became dependent on him for monetary debt, help with seeds or tools. Servants were called captive slaves, who over time became the object of purchase and sale. Smerds are a dependent population in a princely or boyar estate. |
Write what strata the population of Western European countries consisted of in the Middle Ages.
In each European country the inhabitants were divided into three classes: the clergy, the knighthood (feudal aristocracy and knights-nobles), the third class (citizens and peasants).
Task 3. Match Old Russian term and his explanation.
Answers:
|
1 |
2 | 3 | 4 |
|
G |
IN | B |
A |
Task 4. Using additional sources, draw up a diagram of “Church organization in Rus'” yourself.
Task 5. Conduct your own historical research on the topic “Monasteries in Ancient Rus'.” Make a plan according to which you can create an essay on this topic.
- Monasteries played an important role in the religious and cultural life of Ancient Rus'.
- From the very beginning of their foundation, the monasteries of Ancient Rus' represented something more than just religious institutions.
- Monasteries were centers of education and writing, temples of art and architectural monuments.
- The missionary role of monastic monks. Trained and enlightened the population.
- Military-strategic significance of monasteries.
Task 6. Solve the crossword puzzle
Horizontal:
2. The first head of the church was Russian. ( Hilarion)
4. Head of the Christian Church in Ancient Rus'. ( Metropolitan)
5. The head of church authorities in large cities. ( Bishop
)
Vertical:
1. Abbot of a monastery in Rus' (find in a reference book or on the Internet). ( Abbot
)
3. Monk, one of the founders of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. ( Anthony
)
Task 7. Compare the organization of the Orthodox and Catholic churches. Record your findings.
There are many large and small differences between Orthodoxy and Catholicism, both in form and content. The main difference that led at one time to the division of the Christian Church into Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic) is the difference in organization. At the head of the Catholic Church is the Pope - the vicar of the Son of God on earth, who, according to Catholics, is infallible in his church decisions. Orthodoxy denies the Catholic dogma of the primacy of the Pope and his infallibility.
The Orthodox Church does not have a common center and includes several independent churches. In addition to the Russian Orthodox Church, there is Georgian, Serbian, Greek, Romanian, etc. These churches are governed by patriarchs, archbishops and metropolitans. Orthodox believe that Jesus Christ is the head of the Church. Unlike Orthodox Church, Catholicism is one Universal Church. All its parts are different countries the world are in communication with each other, follow the same creed and recognize the Pope as their head.
Task 8. Write a short essay on the topic “Spiritual values of our ancestors”, note in it how Christian values differed from pagan ones.
With the adoption and strengthening of Christianity in Rus', the spiritual values of our ancestors changed significantly. Love for God and neighbor, piety and sacrifice, as the main values of Christianity, acquired a dominant role in the life of Russians.
If under the pagan religion we saw the flourishing of the cult of power - who is stronger is right, then Christianity brought love for one's neighbor. At the everyday level, this manifested itself in the fact that people began to look for compromises, trying to maintain relationships.
It cannot be said that the Slavs during pagan times did not have traditions of respect for parents and elders, but Christianity gave a new understanding of family and clan, based on the inviolability of relationships. In life, this manifested itself in the strengthening of family traditions. In addition, the concept of personal piety became significant, although in paganism an individual outside the collective did not have any significance, and piety was determined by the traditions of the community.
Also, I cannot say that our ancestors, with the adoption of Christianity, became more sacrificial for the sake of a common goal, sacrificing own principles for the common good. However, this value has changed its meaning. Loyalty to the family began to be replaced by fidelity and sacrifice in the name of God - more general concept, which ensured the unity of people not only within their own clan, but within the entire state.
