General Secretaries of the Soviet Union. How many general secretaries of the CPSU Central Committee were there in the USSR?
The General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee is the highest position in the hierarchy of the Communist Party and, by and large, the leader of the Soviet Union. In the history of the party there were four more positions of the head of its central apparatus: Technical Secretary (1917-1918), Chairman of the Secretariat (1918-1919), Executive Secretary (1919-1922) and First Secretary (1953-1966).
The persons who filled the first two positions were mainly engaged in paper secretarial work. The position of Executive Secretary was introduced in 1919 to perform administrative activities. The post of General Secretary, established in 1922, was also created purely for administrative and personnel internal party work. However, the first Secretary General Joseph Stalin, using the principles of democratic centralism, managed to become not only the leader of the party, but the entire Soviet Union.
At the 17th Party Congress, Stalin was not formally re-elected to the post of General Secretary. However, his influence was already enough to maintain leadership in the party and the country as a whole. After Stalin's death in 1953, Georgy Malenkov was considered the most influential member of the Secretariat. After his appointment to the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers, he left the Secretariat and Nikita Khrushchev, who was soon elected First Secretary of the Central Committee, took the leading positions in the party.
Not limitless rulers
In 1964, the opposition within the Politburo and the Central Committee removed Nikita Khrushchev from the post of First Secretary, electing Leonid Brezhnev in his place. Since 1966, the position of the party leader was again called the General Secretary. In Brezhnev's times, the power of the General Secretary was not unlimited, since members of the Politburo could limit his powers. The leadership of the country was carried out collectively.
Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko ruled the country according to the same principle as the late Brezhnev. Both were elected to the party's top post while their health was failing and served only a short time as secretary general. Until 1990, when the Communist Party's monopoly on power was eliminated, Mikhail Gorbachev led the state as General Secretary of the CPSU. Especially for him, in order to maintain leadership in the country, the post of President of the Soviet Union was established in the same year.
After the August 1991 putsch, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as General Secretary. He was replaced by his deputy, Vladimir Ivashko, who worked as acting General Secretary for only five calendar days, until that moment Russian President Boris Yeltsin suspended the activities of the CPSU.
Plan
Introduction
1 Joseph Stalin (April 1922 - March 1953)
1.1 The post of General Secretary and Stalin’s victory in the struggle for power (1922-1934)
1.2 Stalin - sovereign ruler of the USSR (1934-1951)
1.3 The last years of Stalin's reign (1951-1953)
1.4 Death of Stalin (5 March 1953)
1.5 March 5, 1953 - Stalin's associates dismiss the leader an hour before his death
2 The struggle for power after the death of Stalin (March 1953 - September 1953)
3 Nikita Khrushchev (September 1953 - October 1964)
3.1 Post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
3.2 First attempt to remove Khrushchev from power (June 1957)
3.3 Khrushev's removal from power (October 1964)
4 Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982)
5 Yuri Andropov (1982-1984)
6 Konstantin Chernenko (1984-1985)
7 Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991)
7.1 Gorbachev - general secretary
7.2 Election of Gorbachev as Chairman of the USSR Supreme Council
7.3 Position of Deputy Secretary General
7.4 Ban of the CPSU and abolition of the post of Secretary General
8 List of General (First) Secretaries of the Party Central Committee - those who officially held such a position
References
Introduction
Party history
October Revolution
War communism
New Economic Policy
Stalinism
Khrushchev's thaw
The era of stagnation
Perestroika
General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (in informal use and everyday speech it is often shortened to General Secretary) - the most significant and only non-collegial position in Central Committee Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The position was introduced as part of the Secretariat on April 3, 1922 at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), elected by the XI Congress of the RCP (b), when I. V. Stalin was approved in this capacity.
From 1934 to 1953, this position was not mentioned at the plenums of the Central Committee during the elections of the Secretariat of the Central Committee. From 1953 to 1966, the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was elected, and in 1966 the position of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was again established.
The post of General Secretary and Stalin's victory in the struggle for power (1922-1934)
The proposal to establish this post and appoint Stalin to it was made based on Zinoviev’s idea by member of the Politburo of the Central Committee Lev Kamenev, in agreement with Lenin. Lenin was not afraid of any competition from the uncultured and politically small Stalin. But for the same reason, Zinoviev and Kamenev made him secretary general: they considered Stalin a politically insignificant person, saw in him a convenient assistant, but not a rival.
Initially, this position meant only the leadership of the party apparatus, while the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Lenin, formally remained the leader of the party and government. In addition, leadership in the party was considered inextricably linked with the merits of the theorist; therefore, following Lenin, Trotsky, Kamenev, Zinoviev and Bukharin were considered the most prominent “leaders”, while Stalin was seen to have neither theoretical merits nor special merits in the revolution.
Lenin highly valued Stalin's organizational skills, but Stalin's despotic behavior and his rudeness towards N. Krupskaya made Lenin repent of his appointment, and in his “Letter to the Congress” Lenin stated that Stalin was too rude and should be removed from the post of General Secretary. But due to illness, Lenin withdrew from political activity.
Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev organized a triumvirate based on opposition to Trotsky.
Before the start of the XIII Congress (held in May 1924), Lenin's widow Nadezhda Krupskaya handed over a “Letter to the Congress”. It was announced at a meeting of the Council of Elders. Stalin announced his resignation for the first time at this meeting. Kamenev proposed to resolve the issue by voting. The majority was in favor of leaving Stalin as General Secretary; only Trotsky's supporters voted against.
After Lenin's death, Leon Trotsky claimed the role of the first person in the party and state. But he lost to Stalin, who skillfully played out a combination, winning over Kamenev and Zinoviev to his side. And Stalin’s real career begins only from the moment when Zinoviev and Kamenev, wanting to seize Lenin’s inheritance and organizing the struggle against Trotsky, chose Stalin as an ally who must be had in the party apparatus.
On December 27, 1926, Stalin submitted his resignation from the post of General Secretary: “I ask you to relieve me from the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee. I declare that I can no longer work in this position, I am unable to work in this position any longer.” The resignation was not accepted.
It is interesting that Stalin never signed the full name of his position in official documents. He signed himself as "Secretary of the Central Committee" and was addressed as Secretary of the Central Committee. When the Encyclopedic reference book “Figures of the USSR and Revolutionary Movements of Russia” (prepared in 1925-1926) was published, in the article “Stalin”, Stalin was introduced as follows: “since 1922, Stalin has been one of the secretaries of the Central Committee of the party, in which position he remains now.” That is, not a word about the post of Secretary General. Since the author of the article was Stalin’s personal secretary Ivan Tovstukha, it means that this was Stalin’s desire.
By the end of the 1920s, Stalin had concentrated so much personal power in his hands that the position became associated with the highest position in the party leadership, although the Charter of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks did not provide for its existence.
When Molotov was appointed Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in 1930, he asked to be relieved of his duties as Secretary of the Central Committee. Stalin agreed. And Lazar Kaganovich began to perform the duties of the second secretary of the Central Committee. He replaced Stalin in the Central Committee..
Stalin - sovereign ruler of the USSR (1934-1951)
According to R. Medvedev, in January 1934, at the XVII Congress, an illegal bloc was formed mainly from the secretaries of regional committees and the Central Committee of the National Communist Parties, who, more than anyone else, felt and understood the error of Stalin’s policies. Proposals were put forward to move Stalin to the post of chairman of the Council of People's Commissars or Central Executive Committee, and to elect S.M. to the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee. Kirov. A group of congress delegates talked with Kirov on this subject, but he resolutely refused, and without his consent the whole plan became unrealistic.
· Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich 1977: “ Kirov is a weak organizer. He's a good extra. And we treated him well. Stalin loved him. I say that he was Stalin's favorite. The fact that Khrushchev cast a shadow on Stalin, as if he killed Kirov, is vile ».
For all the importance of Leningrad and Leningrad region their leader Kirov was never the second person in the USSR. The position of the second most important person in the country was occupied by the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Molotov. At the plenum after the congress, Kirov, like Stalin, was elected secretary of the Central Committee. 10 months later, Kirov died in the Smolny building from a shot by a former party worker. An attempt by opponents of the Stalinist regime to unite around Kirov during the 17th Party Congress led to the beginning of mass terror, which reached its climax in 1937-1938.
Since 1934, mention of the position of General Secretary has completely disappeared from documents. At the Plenums of the Central Committee, held after the XVII, XVIII and XIX Party Congresses, Stalin was elected Secretary of the Central Committee, in fact performing the functions of the General Secretary of the Party Central Committee. After the XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, held in 1934, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks elected the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, consisting of Zhdanov, Kaganovich, Kirov and Stalin. Stalin, as chairman of the meetings of the Politburo and the Secretariat, retained general leadership, that is, the right to approve this or that agenda and determine the degree of readiness of draft decisions submitted for consideration.
Stalin continued to sign his name in official documents as “Secretary of the Central Committee,” and continued to be addressed as Secretary of the Central Committee.
Subsequent updates to the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1939 and 1946. were also carried out with the election of formally equal secretaries of the Central Committee. The CPSU Charter, adopted at the 19th Congress of the CPSU, did not contain any mention of the existence of the position of “general secretary”.
In May 1941, in connection with the appointment of Stalin as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Politburo adopted a resolution in which Andrei Zhdanov was officially named Stalin's deputy in the party: “In view of the fact that comrade. Stalin, remaining at the insistence of the Politburo of the Central Committee as the first Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, will not be able to devote sufficient time to work on the Secretariat of the Central Committee, appoint Comrade. Zhdanova A.A. Deputy Comrade. Stalin on the Secretariat of the Central Committee."
The official status of deputy party leader was not awarded to Vyacheslav Molotov and Lazar Kaganovich, who had previously actually performed this role.
The struggle among the country's leaders intensified as Stalin increasingly raised the question that in the event of his death he needed to select successors in the leadership of the party and government. Molotov recalled: “After the war, Stalin was about to retire and at the table said: “Let Vyacheslav work now. He's younger."
For a long time, Molotov was seen as a possible successor to Stalin, but later Stalin, who considered the first post in the USSR to be the head of government, in private conversations suggested that he saw his successor in state line Nikolai Voznesensky
Continuing to see Voznesensky as his successor in leadership of the government of the country, Stalin began to look for another candidate for the post of party leader. Mikoyan recalled: “I think it was 1948. Once Stalin pointed to 43-year-old Alexei Kuznetsov and said that future leaders should be young, and in general, such a person could someday become his successor in leadership of the party and the Central Committee.”
By this time, two dynamic rival groups had formed in the country's leadership. Then events took a tragic turn. In August 1948, the leader of the “Leningrad group” A.A. suddenly died. Zhdanov. Almost a year later in 1949, Voznesensky and Kuznetsov became key figures in the Leningrad Affair. They were sentenced to death penalty and they were shot on October 1, 1950.
This now almost unused abbreviation was once known to every child and was pronounced almost with reverence. Central Committee of the CPSU! What do these letters mean?
About the name
The abbreviation we are interested in means, or more simply, Central Committee. Considering the importance of the Communist Party in society, its governing body could well be called the kitchen in which fateful decisions for the country were “cooked.” Members of the CPSU Central Committee, the main elite of the country, are the “cooks” in this kitchen, and the “chef” is the General Secretary.
From the history of the CPSU
The history of this public entity began long before the revolution and the proclamation of the USSR. Until 1952, its names changed several times: RCP(b), VKP(b). These abbreviations reflected both the ideology, which was clarified each time (from workers' social democracy to the Bolshevik Communist Party), and the scale (from Russian to all-Union). But the names are not the point. From the 20s to the 90s of the last century, a one-party system functioned in the country, and the Communist Party had a complete monopoly. The Constitution of 1936 recognized it as the governing core, and in the main law of the country of 1977 it was even proclaimed the guiding and guiding force of society. Any directives issued by the CPSU Central Committee instantly acquired the force of law.
All this, of course, did not contribute to the democratic development of the country. In the USSR, inequality of rights along party lines was actively promoted. Even small leadership positions could only be applied for by members of the CPSU, who could be held accountable for mistakes along party lines. One of the most terrible punishments was deprivation of a party card. The CPSU positioned itself as a party of workers and collective farmers, so there were quite strict quotas for its recruitment with new members. It was difficult for a representative of a creative profession or a mental worker to find himself in the party ranks; The CPSU monitored its national composition no less strictly. Thanks to this selection, the really best did not always end up in the party.
From the party charter
In accordance with the Charter, all activities of the Communist Party were collegial. In primary organizations, decisions were made at general meetings, but in general the governing body was a congress held every few years. A party plenum was held approximately every six months. The Central Committee of the CPSU in the intervals between plenums and congresses was the leading unit responsible for all party activities. In turn, supreme body, which led the Central Committee itself, was the Politburo, headed by the General (First) Secretary.
In number functional responsibilities Central Committee included personnel policy and local control, expenditure of the party budget and management of the activities of public structures. But not only that. Together with the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, he determined all ideological activities in the country and resolved the most important political and economic issues.
It is difficult for people who have not lived to understand this. IN democratic country where a number of parties operate, their activities are of little concern to the common man - he remembers them only before the elections. But in the USSR the leading role of the Communist Party was even emphasized constitutionally! In factories and collective farms, in military units and in creative groups, the party organizer was the second (and in importance often the first) leader of this structure. Formally, the Communist Party could not manage economic or political processes: This is why the Council of Ministers existed. But in fact, the Communist Party decided everything. No one was surprised by the fact that the most important political problems and five-year plans for economic development were discussed and determined by party congresses. The Central Committee of the CPSU directed all these processes.
About the main person in the party
Theoretically, the Communist Party was a democratic entity: from the time of Lenin until the last moment, there was no unity of command in it, and there were no formal leaders. It was assumed that the secretary of the Central Committee was just a technical position, and the members of the governing body were equal. The first secretaries of the CPSU Central Committee, or rather the RCP(b), were indeed not very noticeable figures. E. Stasova, Y. Sverdlov, N. Krestinsky, V. Molotov - although their names were well-known, their relationship to practical guide these people didn't have. But with the arrival of I. Stalin, the process went differently: the “father of nations” managed to crush all power under himself. A corresponding position also appeared - Secretary General. It must be said that the names of party leaders changed periodically: the General Secretaries were replaced by the First Secretaries of the CPSU Central Committee, then vice versa. WITH light hand Stalin, regardless of the title of his position, the party leader at the same time became the main person of the state.
After the death of the leader in 1953, N. Khrushchev and L. Brezhnev held this post, then for a short period the position was occupied by Yu. Andropov and K. Chernenko. The last party leader was M. Gorbachev, who was also the only President of the USSR. The era of each of them was significant in its own way. If Stalin is considered by many to be a tyrant, then Khrushchev is usually called a voluntarist, and Brezhnev is the father of stagnation. Gorbachev went down in history as the man who first destroyed and then buried a huge state - the Soviet Union.
Conclusion
The history of the CPSU was an academic discipline compulsory for all universities in the country, and every schoolchild in the Soviet Union knew the main milestones in the development and activities of the party. Revolution, then civil war, industrialization and collectivization, victory over fascism and the post-war restoration of the country. And then virgin lands and space flights, large-scale all-Union construction projects - the history of the party was closely intertwined with the history of the state. In each case, the role of the CPSU was considered dominant, and the word “communist” was synonymous with a true patriot and simply a worthy person.
But if you read the history of the party differently, between the lines, you get a terrible thriller. Millions of repressed people, exiled peoples, camps and political murders, reprisals against undesirables, persecution of dissidents... We can say that the author of every black page of Soviet history is the CPSU Central Committee.
In the USSR they loved to quote Lenin’s words: “The party is the mind, honor and conscience of our era.” Alas! In fact, the Communist Party was neither one nor the other, nor the third. After the 1991 coup, the activities of the CPSU in Russia were banned. Is the Russian Communist Party the successor to the All-Union Party? Even experts find it difficult to explain this.
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The history of the Soviet Union is the most complex topic in history. It covers only 70 years of history, but the material in it needs to be studied many times more than in all previous time! In this article we will look at what the general secretaries of the USSR were like in chronological order, we will characterize each one and provide links to the relevant site materials on them!
Position of Secretary General
The position of General Secretary is the highest position in the party apparatus of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), and then in the CPSU. The person who occupied it was not only the leader of the party, but de facto the entire country. How is this possible, let’s figure it out now! The title of the position was constantly changing: from 1922 to 1925 - General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b); from 1925 to 1953 she was called the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks; from 1953 to 1966 - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee; from 1966 to 1989 - General Secretary of the CPSU.
The position itself arose in April 1922. Before this, the position was called party chairman and was headed by V.I. Lenin.
Why was the head of the party the de facto head of the country? In 1922, this position was headed by Stalin. The influence of the position was such that he could form the congress at will, which ensured full support for himself in the party. By the way, such support was extremely important. Therefore, the struggle for power in the 20s of the last century resulted precisely in the form of discussions in which victory meant life, and loss meant death, if not now, then in the future for sure.
I.V. Stalin understood this perfectly. That’s why he insisted on creating such a position, which, in fact, he headed. But the main thing was something else: in the 20s and 30s, a historical process of merging the party apparatus with the state apparatus took place. This meant, for example, that the district party committee (the head of the district party committee) is in fact the head of the district, the city party committee is the head of the city, and the regional party committee is the head of the region. And the councils played a subordinate role.
Here it is important to remember that the power in the country was Soviet - that is, real government agencies the authorities should have had councils. And they were, but only de jure (legally), formally, on paper, if you like. It was the party that determined all aspects of the development of the state.
So let's look at the main secretaries general.
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (Dzhugashvili)
Was the first Secretary General party, unchanged until 1953 - until his death. The fact of the merging of the party and state apparatus was reflected in the fact that from 1941 to 1953 he was also the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, and then the Council of Ministers of the USSR. If you don’t know, the Council of People’s Commissars and then the Council of Ministers are the Government of the USSR. If you are not in the subject at all, then .
Stalin stood at the origins of both the great victories of the Soviet Union and the great troubles in the history of our country. He was the author of the articles “The Year of the Great Turnaround.” He stood at the origins of super-industrialization and collectivization. It is with him that such concepts as the “cult of personality” are associated (see more about it and), the Holodomor of the 30s, the repressions of the 30s. In principle, under Khrushchev, Stalin was blamed for the failures in the first months of the Great Patriotic War.
However, the unrivaled growth of industrial construction in the 1930s is also associated with the name of Stalin. The USSR received its own heavy industry, which we still use today.
Stalin himself said this about the future of his name: “I know that after my death a heap of rubbish will be placed on my grave, but the wind of history will mercilessly scatter it!” Well, we'll see how it goes!
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev
N.S. Khrushchev served as General (or First) Secretary of the Party from 1953 to 1964. His name is associated with many events both from world history and from the history of Russia: Events in Poland, the Suez Crisis, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the slogan “Catch up and surpass America in meat and milk production per capita!”, the execution in Novocherkassk, and much more other.
Khrushchev, in general, was not a very smart politician, but he was very intuitive. He understood perfectly well how he would rise, because after Stalin’s death the struggle for power became fierce again. Many people saw the future of the USSR not in Khrushchev, but in Malenkov, who then held the position of Chairman of the Council of Ministers. But Khrushchev took a strategically correct position.
Details about the USSR under him.
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev
L.I. Brezhnev held the main position in the party from 1964 to 1982. His time is otherwise called the period of “stagnation”. The USSR began to turn into a “banana republic”, the shadow economy grew, the shortage of consumer goods grew, and the Soviet nomenclature expanded. All these processes then led to systemic crisis during the years of Perestroika, and eventually.
Leonid Ilyich himself was very fond of cars. The authorities blocked one of the rings around the Kremlin so that the secretary general could test the new model presented to him. There is also an interesting historical anecdote associated with the name of his daughter. They say one day my daughter went to museums to look for some kind of necklace. Yes, yes, to museums, not shopping. As a result, in one of the museums she pointed to the necklace and asked for it. The director of the museum called Leonid Ilyich and explained the situation. To which I received a clear answer: “Don’t give!” Something like that.
And more about the USSR and Brezhnev.
Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev
M.S. Gorbachev held the party position in question from March 11, 1984 to August 24, 1991. His name is associated with such things as: Perestroika, the end of the Cold War, the fall Berlin Wall, the withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan, the attempt to create the JIT, the coup in August 1991. He was the first and last President of the USSR.
Read more about all this.
We have not named two more general secretaries. See them in this table with photos:
Post Scriptum: many rely on texts - textbooks, manuals, even monographs. But you can beat all your competitors on the Unified State Exam if you use video lessons. They are all there. Studying video lessons is at least five times more effective than simply reading a textbook!
Best regards, Andrey Puchkov
