What popular expressions appeared in the Middle Ages. Winged Latin phrases and expressions. Wisdom of the Ages: Sayings of Ancient Scientists in Latin
The discovery of electricity completely changed human life. This physical phenomenon is constantly involved in everyday life. Lighting the house and the street, the operation of all kinds of devices, our rapid movement - all this would be impossible without electricity. This became available thanks to numerous studies and experiments. Let us consider the main stages in the history of electrical energy.
Ancient time
The term “electricity” comes from the ancient Greek word “electron”, which means “amber”. The first mention of this phenomenon is associated with ancient times. Ancient Greek mathematician and philosopher Thales of Miletus in the 7th century BC e. discovered that if amber was rubbed against wool, the stone acquired the ability to attract small objects.
In fact, it was an experiment in exploring the possibility of generating electricity. IN modern world This method is known as the triboelectric effect, which makes it possible to produce sparks and attract objects of light weight. Despite the low efficiency of this method, we can talk about Thales as the discoverer of electricity.
IN ancient times Several more timid steps were taken towards the discovery of electricity:
- ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in the 4th century BC. e. studied varieties of eels that can attack an enemy with an electric discharge;
- The ancient Roman writer Pliny explored the electrical properties of resin in 70 AD.
All these experiments are unlikely to help us figure out who discovered electricity. These isolated experiments were not developed. The next events in the history of electricity took place many centuries later.
Stages of theory creation
The 17th-18th centuries were marked by the creation of the foundations of world science. Since the 17th century, a number of discoveries have occurred that in the future will allow a person to completely change his life.
Appearance of the term
The English physicist and court physician in 1600 published the book “On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies,” in which he defined “electric.” It explained the properties of many solids to attract small objects after rubbing. When considering this event, one must understand that we are not talking about the invention of electricity, but only about a scientific definition.
William Gilbert was able to invent a device called the versor. We can say that it resembled a modern electroscope, the function of which is to determine the presence of an electric charge. Using the versor, it was found that, in addition to amber, the following also have the ability to attract light objects:
- glass;
- diamond;
- sapphire;
- amethyst;
- opal;
- slates;
- carborundum.
In 1663, the German engineer, physicist and philosopher Otto von Guericke invented an apparatus that was the prototype of an electrostatic generator. It was a ball of sulfur impaled on metal rod, which was rotated and rubbed by hand. With the help of this invention, it was possible to see in action the property of objects not only to attract, but also to repel.
In March 1672, the famous German scientist Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in a letter to Guericke mentioned that while working on his machine he detected an electrical spark. This was the first evidence of a phenomenon that was mysterious at that time. Guericke created a device that served as a prototype for all future electrical discoveries.
In 1729, a scientist from Great Britain Stephen Gray carried out experiments that made it possible to discover the possibility of transmitting an electric charge over short (up to 800 feet) distances. He also established that electricity is not transmitted through the earth. Subsequently, this made it possible to classify all substances into insulators and conductors.
Two types of charges
French scientist and physicist Charles Francois Dufay in 1733 he discovered two dissimilar electric charges:
- “glass”, which is now called positive;
- “resinous”, called negative.
Then he carried out studies of electrical interactions, which proved that differently electrified bodies will be attracted to one another, and similarly electrified bodies will repel. In these experiments, the French inventor used an electrometer, which made it possible to measure the amount of charge.
In 1745, a physicist from Holland Pieter van Muschenbrouck invented the Leyden jar, which became the first electrical capacitor. Its creator is also the German lawyer and physicist Ewald Jürgen von Kleist. Both scientists acted in parallel and independently of each other. This discovery gives scientists every right to be included in the list of those who created electricity.
October 11, 1745 Kleist performed an experiment with a “medicine jar” and discovered the ability to store large amounts of electrical charges. He then informed German scientists about the discovery, after which an analysis of this invention was carried out at Leiden University. Then Pieter van Muschenbrouck published his work, thanks to which the Leiden Bank became famous.
Benjamin Franklin
In 1747 the American politician, inventor and writer Benjamin Franklin published his essay “Experiments and Observations with Electricity.” In it, he presented the first theory of electricity, in which he designated it as an immaterial liquid or fluid.
In the modern world, the name Franklin is often associated with the hundred dollar bill, but we should not forget that he was one of greatest inventors of its time. The list of his many achievements includes:
- The designation of electrical states known today is (-) and (+).
- Franklin proved the electrical nature of lightning.
- He was able to come up with and present a lightning rod project in 1752.
- He came up with the idea of an electric motor. The embodiment of this idea was the demonstration of a wheel rotating under the influence of electrostatic forces.
The publication of his theory and numerous inventions give Franklin every right to be considered one of those who invented electricity.
From theory to exact science
The research and experiments carried out allowed the study of electricity to move into the category of an exact science. The first in a series of scientific achievements was the discovery of Coulomb's law.
Law of Charge Interaction
French engineer and physicist Charles Augustin de Coulon in 1785 he discovered a law that reflected the force of interaction between static point charges. Coulomb had previously invented the torsion balance. The emergence of the law took place thanks to Coulomb's experiments with these scales. With their help, he measured the force of interaction between charged metal balls.
Coulomb's law was the first fundamental law explaining electromagnetic phenomena, with which the science of electromagnetism began. A unit of electric charge was named after Coulomb in 1881.
Invention of the battery
In 1791, an Italian physician, physiologist and physicist wrote a Treatise on the Forces of Electricity in Muscular Movement. In it he recorded the presence of electrical impulses in muscle tissue animals. He also discovered a potential difference during the interaction of two types of metal and electrolyte.
The discovery of Luigi Galvani was developed in the work of the Italian chemist, physicist and physiologist Alessandro Volta. In 1800, he invents the “Volta Column” - a source of continuous current. It was a stack of silver and zinc plates, which were separated from each other by paper pieces soaked in a salt solution. The Voltaic Column became the prototype of galvanic cells, in which chemical energy was converted into electrical energy.
In 1861, the name "volt" was introduced in his honor - a unit of measurement of voltage.
Galvani and Volta are among the founders of the doctrine of electrical phenomena. The invention of the battery sparked rapid development and subsequent growth scientific discoveries. The end of the 18th century and early XIX century can be characterized as the time when electricity was invented.
The emergence of the concept of current
In 1821, the French mathematician, physicist and natural scientist Andre-Marie Ampère in his own treatise he established the connection between magnetic and electrical phenomena, which is absent in the static electricity. Thus, he first introduced the concept of “electric current”.
Ampere designed a coil with multiple turns of copper wires, which can be classified as an electromagnetic field amplifier. This invention served to create the electromagnetic telegraph in the 30s of the 19th century.
Thanks to Ampere's research, the birth of electrical engineering became possible. In 1881, in his honor, the unit of current was called the “ampere”, and instruments that measure force were called “ammeters”.
Electric Circuit Law
Physicist from Germany Georg Simon Ohm in 1826 introduced a law that proved the relationship between resistance, voltage and current in a circuit. Thanks to Om, new terms arose:
- voltage drop in the network;
- conductivity;
- electromotive force.
A unit of electrical resistance was named after him in 1960, and the Ohm is undoubtedly included in the list of those who invented electricity.
English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday made the discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831, which underlies the mass production of electricity. Based on this phenomenon, he creates the first electric motor. In 1834, Faraday discovered the laws of electrolysis, which led him to the conclusion that the carrier electrical forces atoms can be counted. Electrolysis studies played a significant role in the emergence of electronic theory.
Faraday is the creator of the doctrine of the electromagnetic field. He was able to predict the presence of electromagnetic waves.
Public use
All these discoveries would not have become legendary without practical use. The first of possible ways application was electric light, which became available after the invention of the incandescent lamp in the 70s of the 19th century. Its creator was a Russian electrical engineer Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin.
The first lamp was a closed glass vessel containing a carbon rod. In 1872, an application for the invention was filed, and in 1874 Lodygin was granted a patent for the invention of an incandescent lamp. If you try to answer the question in what year electricity appeared, then this year can be considered one of the correct answers, since the appearance of the light bulb became obvious sign availability.
The emergence of electricity in Russia
. (history of the discovery of the phenomenon)
Before 1600 Europeans' knowledge about electricity remained at the level of the ancient Greeks, which repeated the history of the development of the theory of steam jet engines("Eleopile" by A. Heron).
The founder of the science of electricity in Europe was a graduate of Cambridge and Oxford, an English physicist and court physician to Queen Elizabeth. - William Gilbert(1544-1603). With the help of his “versor” (the first electroscope), W. Gilbert showed that not only rubbed amber, but also diamond, sapphire, carborundum, opal, amethyst, rock crystal, glass, slates, etc. have the ability to attract light bodies (straws). which he called "electric" minerals.
In addition, Gilbert noticed that the flame “destroys” the electrical properties of bodies acquired through friction, and for the first time studied magnetic phenomena, establishing that:
A magnet always has two poles - north and south;
- like poles repel, and unlike poles attract;
- by sawing a magnet, you cannot get a magnet with only one pole;
- iron objects under the influence of a magnet acquire magnetic properties (magnetic induction);
- natural magnetism can be enhanced with the help of iron fittings.
Studying the magnetic properties of a magnetized ball using a magnetic needle, Gilbert came to the conclusion that they correspond to the magnetic properties of the Earth, and the Earth is the largest magnet, which explains the constant inclination of the magnetic needle.
1650: Otto von Guericke(1602-1686) creates the first electric car, which extracted significant sparks from a rubbed ball cast from sulfur, the injections of which could even be painful. However, the mystery of the properties "electric fluid", as this phenomenon was called at that time, did not receive any explanation then.
1733: French physicist, member of the Paris Academy of Sciences , Charles Francois Dufay (Dufay, Du Fay, 1698-1739) discovered the existence of two types of electricity, which he called “glass” and “resin”. The first appears on glass, rock crystal, precious stones, wool, hair, etc.; the second - on amber, silk, paper, etc.
After numerous experiments, Ch. Dufay was the first to electrify the human body and “receive” sparks from it. His scientific interests included magnetism, phosphorescence and birefringence in crystals, which later became the basis for the creation of optical lasers. To detect electricity measurements, he used Gilbert's versor, making it much more sensitive. For the first time he expressed the idea of the electrical nature of lightning and thunder.
1745: graduate of Leiden University (Holland) physicist Pieter van Muschenbrouck(Musschenbroek Pieter van, 1692-1761) invented the first autonomous source of electricity - the Leyden jar and conducted a series of experiments with it, during which he established the relationship between the electric discharge and its physiological effect on a living organism.
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The Leyden jar was glass vessel, the walls of which were covered with lead foil on the outside and inside, and was the first electric capacitor. If the plates of a device charged from O. von Guericke's electrostatic generator were connected with a thin wire, then it quickly heated up and sometimes melted, which indicated the presence in the bank of an energy source that could be transported far from the place of its charging.
1747: member of the Paris Academy of Sciences, French experimental physicist Jean Antoine Nollet(1700-1770) invented the first device for assessing electrical potential - the electroscope, recorded the fact of a faster “draining” of electricity from sharp bodies and for the first time formed a theory of the effect of electricity on living organisms and plants.
1747–1753: American statesman, scientist and educator Benjamin (Benjamin) Franklin(Franklin, 1706-1790) publishes a series of works on the physics of electricity, in which:
- introduced the now generally accepted designation for electrically charged states «+»
And «–»
;
- explained the principle of operation Leyden jar, having established that the main role in it is played by the dielectric separating the conductive plates;
- established the identity of atmospheric and friction-generated electricity and provided proof of the electrical nature of lightning;
- established that metal points connected to the ground remove electrical charges from charged bodies even without contact with them and proposed a lightning rod;
- put forward the idea of an electric motor and demonstrated an “electric wheel” rotating under the influence of electrostatic forces;
- first used an electric spark to explode gunpowder.
1759: Physicist in Russia Franz Ulrich Theodor Aepinus(Aepinus, 1724-1802), for the first time puts forward a hypothesis about the existence of a connection between electrical and magnetic phenomena.
1761: Swiss mechanic, physicist and astronomer Leonard Euler(L. Euler, 1707-1783) describes a new electrostatic machine consisting of a rotating disk of insulating material with radially glued leather plates. To remove the electric charge, it was necessary to connect silk contacts to the disk, connected to copper rods with spherical ends. By bringing the spheres closer to each other, it was possible to observe the process of electrical breakdown of the atmosphere (artificial lightning).
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1785-1789: French physicist Charles Augustin Pendant(S. Coulomb, 1736-1806) publishes seven works. in which he describes the law of interaction of electric charges and magnetic poles (Coulomb's law), introduces the concept of magnetic moment and polarization of charges and proves that electric charges are always located on the surface of a conductor.
1791: Treatise published in Italy Luigi Galvani(L. Galvani, 1737-1798), “De Viribus Electricitatis In Motu Musculari Commentarius” (“Treatise on the forces of electricity during muscular movement”), which proved that electricity is produced by a living organism and is most effectively manifested in the contact of dissimilar conductors. Currently, this effect underlies the operating principle of electrocardiographs.
1795: Italian professor Alexander Volta(Alessandro Guiseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta, 1745-1827) explores the phenomenon contact potential difference various metals and using an electrometer of his own design gives a numerical assessment of this phenomenon. A. Volta first described the results of his experiments on August 1, 1786 in a letter to his friend. Currently, the effect of contact potential difference is used in thermocouples and anodic (electrochemical) protection systems for metal structures.
1799:. A. Volta invents a source galvanic(electric) current - volt pole. The first voltaic column consisted of 20 pairs of copper and zinc circles, separated by pieces of cloth moistened with salt water, and supposedly could produce a voltage of 40-50 V and a current of up to 1 A.
In 1800 in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. 90" entitled "On the Electricity Excited by the Mere Contact of Conducting Substances of Different Kinds" described a device called "electromotive apparatus", A. Volta believed that in The principle of operation of its current source is based on a contact potential difference, and only many years later it was established that the cause of the emf. in a galvanic cell is the chemical interaction of metals with a conducting liquid - an electrolyte. In the fall of 1801, the first galvanic battery was created in Russia, consisting of 150 silver and zinc disks. A year later, in the fall of 1802, a battery was made of 4200 copper and zinc disks, producing a voltage of 1500 V.
1820: Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted(Ersted, 1777-1851) during experiments on the deflection of a magnetic needle under the influence of a current-carrying conductor, established a connection between electrical and magnetic phenomena. The report of this phenomenon, published in 1820, stimulated research in the field of electromagnetism, which ultimately led to the formation of the foundations of modern electrical engineering.
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The first follower of H. Oersted was the French physicist Andre Marie Ampere(1775-1836) formulated in the same year the rule for determining the direction of action of electric current on the magnetic needle, which he called the “swimmer’s rule” (Ampere’s rule or right hand), after which the laws of interaction between electric and magnetic fields were determined (1820), within the framework of which the idea of using electromagnetic phenomena for the remote transmission of an electrical signal was first formulated.
In 1822 A. Ampere creates the first electromagnetic field amplifier- multi-turn coils made of copper wire, inside which soft iron cores (solenoids) were placed, which became technological basis for what he invented in 1829 electromagnetic telegraph, which ushered in the era of modern telecommunications.
821: English physicist Michael Faraday(M. Faraday, 1791-1867) became acquainted with the work of H. Oersted on the deflection of a magnetic needle near a conductor with current (1820) and after studying the relationship between electrical and magnetic phenomena, he established the fact of rotation of a magnet around a conductor with current and rotation of a conductor with current around a magnet.
Over the next 10 years, M. Faraday tried to “transform magnetism into electricity,” which resulted in discovery in 1831 of electromagnetic induction, which led to the formation of the foundations of the theory of the electromagnetic field and the emergence of a new industry - electrical engineering. In 1832, M. Faraday published a work in which the idea was put forward that the propagation of electromagnetic interactions is a wave process occurring in the atmosphere at a finite speed, which became the basis for the emergence of a new branch of knowledge - radio engineering.
In an effort to establish quantitative relationships between various types electricity, M. Faraday began research on electrolysis and in 1833–1834. formulated its laws. In 1845, while exploring the magnetic properties various materials, M. Faraday discovers the phenomena of paramagnetism and diamagnetism and establishes the fact of rotation of the plane of polarization of light in a magnetic field (Faraday effect). This was the first observation of the connection between magnetic and optical phenomena, which was later explained within the framework of J. Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light.
Around the same time, a German physicist studied the properties of electricity. Georg Simon Ohm(G.S. Ohm, 1787-1854). After conducting a series of experiments, G. Ohm in 1826 formulated the fundamental law of the electrical circuit(Ohm's law) and in 1827 gave its theoretical justification, introduced the concepts of “electromotive force”, voltage drop in a circuit and “conductivity”.
Ohm's law states that the strength of a direct electric current I in a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference (voltage) U between two fixed points (sections) of this conductor i.e. RI = U . Proportionality factor R , which received the name ohmic resistance or simply resistance in 1881, depends on the temperature of the conductor and its geometric and electrical properties.
G. Ohm's research completes the second stage in the development of electrical engineering, namely the formation of a theoretical basis for calculating the characteristics of electrical circuits, which has become the basis of modern electrical power engineering.
On Sunday October 13, 2019 Russian national football team during the qualifying tournament EURO 2020 for the second time he will meet with the Cyprus national team.Let us recall that in the home match Russia - Cyprus, which took place on June 11, 2019 in Nizhny Novgorod(RF), our team won with a minimal score of 1:0.
Well, the current match will take place on the opponent’s territory - in Nicosia, the capital of the Republic of Cyprus. Venue - GSP stadium with a capacity of about 23 thousand people.
Nicosia is largest city on the island, located in its center, on the banks of the Pedios River.
What time will the game Cyprus - Russia start on October 13, 2019:
The start time of the match according to local “Cypriot” time is 19:00.Since Cyprus is in the same time zone as Moscow (UTC +3), then the start of the meeting according to Moscow time is the same - 19:00 .
Cyprus - Russia - on which channel to watch the live broadcast:
The meeting will be shown live "First" channel . Start of switching on from Nicosia - 18:45 Moscow time.Forecast for the game Cyprus - Russia 10/13/2019:
The favorite of the upcoming meeting is the Russian team. Our team won the first match, even if only with a minimal score, and is clearly superior to the Cypriots in skill. IN at the moment The Russian national team has a strong squad and the “right” coach who can find an approach to his players.Despite the lower level, the Cyprus team is considered a strong team, capable of creating serious problems for the Russian team if desired (and lucky). Enough good game In this qualifying round, the Cypriots performed against the Scottish national team, beat San Marino twice and played a drawn home match with Kazakhstan.
For our team, this is not a game where everything is at stake. Therefore, there is a risk that our players will feel relaxed. Well, since the Cypriots play very strongly at home, Stanislav Cherchesov’s team needs to approach this meeting seriously if our team expects to win.
One of the most important milestones in the history of the planet is the invention of electricity. It is this discovery that helps our civilization develop to this day. Electricity is one of the most environmentally friendly. Who is responsible for the discovery of this phenomenon? How is electricity produced and used? Is it possible to create a galvanic cell yourself?
Brief history of the invention of electricity
Electricity was discovered in the 7th century BC by the ancient Greek philosopher Thales. He found that amber rubbed with wool can attract objects of smaller mass.
However, large-scale experiments with electricity begin during the Renaissance in Europe. In 1650, the Magdeburg burgomaster von Guericke built an electrostatic installation. In 1729, Stephen Gray conducted an experiment on distance. In 1747 he published an essay in which he collected all known facts about electricity and new theories were put forward. In 1785, Coulomb's law was discovered.
The year 1800 was a turning point: the Italian Volt invents the first direct current source. In 1820, the Danish scientist Oersted discovered objects. A year later, Ampere discovered that a magnetic field is created electric shock, but not static charges.
Such great researchers as Gauss, Joule, Lenz, Ohm made an invaluable contribution to the invention of electricity. The year 1830 also became important, because Gauss developed the theory and the development of a current-powered motor belongs to Michael Faraday.
At the end of the 19th century, experiments with electricity were carried out by many scientists, including Lachinov, Hertz, Thomson, and Rutherford. At the beginning of the 20th century, the theory of quantum electrodynamics appeared.
Electricity in nature
The discovery and invention of electricity happened a very long time ago. However, it was previously believed that it simply does not exist in nature. But the American Franklin found out that such a phenomenon as lightning is purely electrical in nature. For a long time his point of view was rejected by the scientific community.
Electricity is of great importance in nature. Many scientists believe that thanks to lightning discharges, the synthesis of amino acids took place, as a result of which life arose on Earth. Without nerve impulses, it is impossible for any animal to function. There are varieties of marine organisms that use electricity as a means of defense, attack, orientation in space and search for food.
Getting electricity
The invention of electricity had an impact on scientific and technological progress. Power plants have been created for many decades to generate electricity. Electricity is created using power generators and then transmitted through power lines. The principle of creating current is to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Power plants are divided into the following types:
- atomic;
- wind;
- hydropower;
- intertidal;
- solar;
- thermal.
Application of electricity
The invention of electricity is rightfully greatest discovery, because without it it becomes impossible modern life. It is found in almost every home and is used for lighting, information exchange, cooking, heating, functioning household appliances. Electricity is also necessary for the movement of trams, trolleybuses, subways, and electric trains. The operation of a computer or cell phone is also impossible without electricity.
Curious experience
It turns out that you can make a galvanic cell yourself, and this is done quite simply. This method became famous at the beginning of the 20th century.
First you need to cut it in half sharp knife lemon in the middle. It is highly undesirable to remove or tear off the partitions between the lobules. After this, you need to connect a small piece of wire, about 2 centimeters in size, to each slice in turn. The cells should alternate copper and zinc wires. Then the ends of the protruding wires should be connected in series with a metal wire of smaller diameter. This way you can get a battery. How to check if it works? To do this, you can measure the voltage with a voltmeter.
One of the most important discoveries in human history was the invention of electricity. The exact opening date is unknown. However, the ancient Greek scientist Thales began conducting experiments. Active study of electricity began during the Renaissance. Without it, the activity of not a single living organism is possible. Today, we practically cannot imagine our life without this invention. People have long learned to receive, transmit and use electricity.
For normal functioning and the life activity of any structure or building requires systems that ensure the normal life and activity of any consumers. Otherwise, the building will be unusable. To perform these tasks, all buildings are supplied with all kinds of engineering systems. The variety and number of such systems directly depends on the purpose of the premises or the building itself.
Depending on the location, all systems and communications can be divided into two types. If the systems are located inside the building, they are called internal, and if outside the structure or building, they are called external.
The engineering networks that you can order from us meet all quality standards and guarantee visitors and residents of the house coziness, comfort, and heat.
Depending on their functions, engineering systems are divided into groups:
- Systems responsible for heat supply.
- Systems responsible for water supply and disposal.
- Systems responsible for air conditioning and ventilation.
- Systems responsible for lighting with outside buildings.
- Systems responsible for gas supply.
- Networks providing signaling and communication.
- Systems responsible for supplying electricity.
In order to understand how engineering systems are organized, it is necessary to analyze them in more detail.
Engineering heat supply systems
This is one of the most significant engineering systems, which is responsible for heating the premises and the entire building. Most often, centralized and customized systems heat supply. The functioning of such systems is possible thanks to such parts as:
- A source that produces heat. These sources can be a variety of boiler houses or thermal power plants.
- Heat networks are devices that transport heat to a building or room.
- Devices whose function is to transfer heat to the consumer. Such devices can be various heating radiators and air heaters.
Do not forget that for a person to function normally, he needs the most comfortable conditions possible. And one of the indicators of the comfort of any room is heat. Warm rooms are also a guarantee of health.
Engineering water supply systems
A water supply system is a complex of engineering systems that includes water supply systems (water supply) and systems responsible for water removal (sewage).
The purpose of these systems is to provide water to consumers in required quantity and the required quality. All water supply systems are divided into:
- Fireproof.
- Production.
- Household drinking water.
They can also be divided depending on the type in which they are built:
- Industrial.
- Villagers.
- Urban.
The main components of any system responsible for the supply and removal of water are considered to be:
- Water supply networks.
- Water pipelines.
- Water intake structures.
Engineering ventilation systems
These systems also include a complex of systems - a ventilation system and an air conditioning system.
It's no secret that clean air is the key to health, so all residential or industrial buildings bases cannot be put into operation necessary systems ventilation and air conditioning. In addition to the presence of these systems, their high-quality and efficient operation is necessary.
The main task of the ventilation system is to supply clean, fresh air, and purifying it from various impurities. When operating indoor spaces, the formation of harmful air impurities occurs very often, one might say, constantly. Depending on the tasks and operation, all ventilation systems can be divided into:
- Natural and artificial.
- Supply and exhaust.
- Type-set and monoblock.
The main tasks of the air conditioning system are: cleaning, cooling, heating the air, and removing excess moisture from it. Also, when installing air conditioning systems, there is an opportunity for additional air ionization. When conditionally dividing air conditioning systems by power, we can distinguish industrial and household ones.
Engineering lighting systems
The task of the external lighting system is to ensure normal and comfortable life person. Competent and proper organization lighting is the key to safe and comfortable use of the entire area of the building and premises in dark time days. It is also worth noting that with proper lighting, the correct aesthetic perception of buildings appears.
To guarantee adequate illumination of residential areas, in our time, the following methods of placing lighting devices are used:
- On supporting cables.
- On the facades of buildings.
- On suspensions.
- On supports.
Engineering gas supply systems
Due to the fact that gas is an inexpensive and easy-to-use raw material, it has occupied an important part in human life. The task of the gas supply system is to provide gas to the population in the required volume and pressure. The quantity and pressure should provide the most optimal operating mode for consumers. The entire gas supply system consists of a complex set of buildings and may include:
- Consumer outlets that are connected to the central city network, the function of which is to supply gas to the building.
- Gas pipelines inside a building, the function of which is to distribute gas to individual gas consumers within one building.
In the modern world, much attention is paid to the safety of any room or building. The security of various buildings and premises is ensured by an alarm and communication network. The functions of these networks are to ensure the functionality of alarm systems (fire and security), provide Internet, telephone communication, television and radio. All this is able to function thanks to a system consisting of a variety of low-current cables and wires. The voltage in this system is about 25V.
Engineering power supply systems
The main function of this system is to ensure the operation of all kinds of engineering systems of the building. Thanks to this, the energy supply system is the main system of any building. This all becomes possible with the correct design and installation of the power supply system. This system may include a variety of energy sources, converters, systems that transmit and distribute electricity to consumers.
Among the main elements that make up the power supply system, it is worth highlighting:
- Power lines;
- Varied distribution devices and substations;
- Engineering networks and devices that increase the performance of the entire system.
