Distress flare on a ship. Pyrotechnic signaling devices, signaling, the influence of propulsion on the controllability of a ship, ship control and navigation safety, organization of service on ships of the Ministry of the Navy. Change
Light pyrotechnics Alarms are used to provide distress signals and to attract attention. These include flares, flares, self-igniting lights and automatic smoke bombs for lifebuoys, as well as floating smoke bombs.
Pyrotechnic signaling devices must be moisture-resistant, safe to handle and store, operate in any marine hydrometeorological conditions and retain their properties for at least 3 years. They should go out when descending at a height of at least 50m from the sea surface.
According to the Rules of the Register of the Russian Federation, pyrotechnic means are subject to periodic certification by external inspection once every 2 years. Pyrotechnics on passenger ships are subject to inspection annually.
Marking of pyrotechnic means is carried out with indelible paint. The marking includes the release date, the period for the pyrotechnic itself, and for its packaging.
Sonic rocket, or grenade, exploding at a height, imitates a cannon shot. In the rocket tube under the ignition device there is an explosive cartridge in an aluminum shell, consisting of 2 charges. The upper one is thrown out of the rocket body by the lower one. The sound rocket is launched from launch tubes mounted on the gunwale or railing on both wings of the bridge. Having removed the cap from the tail of the rocket, pass the cord with the ring along the groove in the side of the glass to its bottom hole and pull it out with a strong tug.
Geographic coordinates. Latitude difference and longitude difference
Geographic latitude– this is the angle at the center of the Earth, the angle between the plane of the equator and a plumb line drawn through the observer’s point
Latitude is measured from the equator to the parallel of a given point from 0 to 90 degrees
Geographic longitude - the dihedral angle between the plane of the Greenwich meridian and the plane of the observer's meridian
Measured from a given point from 0 to 180 degrees
РШ = Fi2 – Fi1
RD = lambda2 – lambda1
If phi N , then the sign is + if phi S , then the sign is –
If lambda E, then the sign is +, if lambda is W, then the sign is –
RS and RD should not exceed 180 degrees
Shirata2=shirata1+ RS; Longitude2= longitude1+ taxiway
The use of these formulas ensures the calculation of RS and RD corrections with errors not exceeding a few meters, which satisfies the requirements for the accuracy of navigation map solutions.
Changes in precipitation with changes in water salinity
When a ship moves from one water basin to another, the salinity (density) of the sea water changes. When sailing in water with densities ρ and ρ 1, the vessel’s displacement will be, respectively: D = ρ × V and D = ρ 1 × V 1, where V is the volumetric displacement of the vessel before moving into water of a different density; V 1 - volumetric displacement of the vessel after the transition. Equating the right-hand sides of the equalities, we obtain: ρ×V = ρ 1 ×V 1 or V/V 1 = ρ 1 /ρ.
Volumetric displacement can be expressed through the main dimensions L, B, T and the coefficient of overall completeness (δ - the ratio of displacement to the volume of the described parallelepiped): V = δ × L × B × T and V 1 = δ 1 × L 1 × B 1 × T 1
With small changes in volumetric displacement, that is, with changes in water salinity, the length, width and overall fullness coefficient practically do not change. In this case, the change in displacement occurs due to a change in draft. Thus: ρ×T = ρ1×T1or T/T 1 = ρ 1 /ρ. Consequently, when a ship moves from water of one salinity to water of another, the salinity of its sediment changes approximately in inverse proportion to the density of the water.
The change in volumetric displacement is determined using the expression:
ΔV = V 1 - V = D/ ρ 1 - D/ ρ = D(ρ - ρ 1)/(ρ×ρ 1) or ΔV = V×(ρ - ρ1)/ρ1.
But V = S×ΔT. Then: S×ΔТ = V×(ρ - ρ 1)/ρ 1 => ΔТ = V/S × (ρ - ρ 1)/ρ 1 or
ΔТ = D/(S×ρ) × (ρ - ρ 1)/ρ 1
When the ship is passing from fresh water(ρ = 1.0 t/m 3) into the sea (ρ = 1.025 t/m 3) the ship will float, i.e. the vessel's draft will decrease. When a ship moves from sea water to fresh water, the change in draft will be positive, the ship will submerge in water, i.e. its draft will increase.
Tasks of visual observation on a ship and the form of reporting a detected target to the lookout
Maintaining continuous visual and auditory surveillance is the most important task of a navigational watch.
The main requirement for organizing surveillance: it must be continuous in time and space. The entire situation around the ship must be constantly monitored (including not only the water surface, but also observation of coastal and air objects and even celestial bodies). For example, there are known cases when the movement of a ship on the wrong course, due to a compass error, was detected by the “wrong” location of the constellations. Observation is such an important task that STCW 78/95 prohibits the assignment of any duties to the observer that may interfere with or impede observation.
It is specially stipulated that the helmsman and the lookout have different responsibilities and the helmsman cannot be considered an observer. An exception is made for small vessels, where an all-round unobstructed view is provided from the helmsman's position.
Depending on the situation, surveillance on the ship is carried out by:
· watch officer (officer of the watch);
· additionally one of the navigators located on the bridge to strengthen the navigational watch (most often the captain (CM) or the chief mate (SPKM));
· watch sailor observer (lookout);
· crew members assigned as alarm observers.
The officer in charge of the watch may be the only observer during daylight hours if the situation is clearly safe and weather, visibility, traffic density and navigation conditions permit this. In this case, the sailor on watch may be released from the bridge to perform any other work or duties, provided that he is immediately available to report to the bridge. The watch sailor is called to the bridge either via his portable VHF radio station, or by giving one short ringing of loud bells intended to sound an alarm. Having heard such a signal, the sailor on watch must immediately arrive on the bridge.
Because observation is watch , then the lookout's taking over the watch, keeping the watch and turning it over must be carried out in accordance with all the requirements for a running watch:
· when taking over the watch, you should ask permission from the watch officer to change the lookout, accept the situation from him (where and what is visible, what was the last report, what special instructions and orders were there), report on taking over the watch;
· keep a vigilant watch, continuously being on duty and showing increased attention;
· when a replacement appears, obtain permission to take over the watch, convey to him information about the surrounding situation, the latest report, special instructions and orders, report on the end of the watch, and obtain permission to leave the post.
Observation tasks.
According to STCW 78/95, proper supervision is one that allows:
· fully assess the situation and the risk of collision, grounding, and other navigational hazards;
· detect ships, planes or people in distress, remains and traces of shipwrecks.
It should be remembered that in observation no small details. The initial small floating object that is not identifiable may be a float marking a net, a floating mine, or the head of a person for whom being seen by a ship's observer is the only chance of escape.
To properly perform these surveillance tasks you must be able to:
· detect objects in a timely manner;
· quickly identify them;
· determine directions and distances by eye;
· control the movements of observed objects.
Report forms
There are three main requirements for the lookout's report: timeliness, accuracy and reliability.
Immediately after the object is discovered, the first report should follow, even if the object has not yet been identified. There is no need to wait for further approach to identify the object. It is better to report in a timely manner, using the words “unknown object”, “incomprehensible sound”, and in subsequent reports clarify the characteristics of the object.
The report must be as accurate as possible both in the characteristics of the object and in the direction and distance to it. It is necessary to constantly train in visually determining directions and distances, especially in the conditions of the bridge, where it is possible to clarify the positions of targets using radar.
The report must be reliable. You never have to think of anything on your own or assume anything. Main principle report: “What I see (hear), that’s what I report.”
As a rule, the officer of the watch (VPKM) reports to the captain (CM) about detected objects in the following sequence: what, where, how. For example: “Fishing boat on starboard 30, range 5 miles, bearing changing to bow.”
However, the lookout more often reports to the VPKM in a different sequence: direction, what, distance. The direction is indicated:
· heading angle from 0 to 180 degrees (rounded to 5 - 10 degrees);
· approximate direction using the words: abeam, ahead of the beam, behind the beam, along the bow, along the stern.
If a flying object is detected, it is additionally reported elevation angle from 0 to 90 degrees (from the horizon up).
As a characteristic of an object, its most characteristic or most important feature for navigation is indicated.
The distance is reported in cable lengths and determined by eye.
Below are examples of typical reports.
“On the right is 20 white constant light.”
“On the left 45 two white constant lights in solution to the left.”
“There is a 50 red flashing light on the left, a distance of 5 cables.”
“On the right ahead of the beam I hear four strokes of the bell.”
“The silhouette of a ship is directly ahead.”
“Something is getting dark right ahead.”
“On the right abeam, elevation angle 5, helicopter.”
“There is 5 floating object on the left.”
The detection range of pyrotechnic distress signals is largely (sometimes decisive degree!) depends on the place where they are served. Even the most powerful rocket can be launched in such a place and at such a time that no one will ever see it. First of all, you need to take into account the time of day and weather conditions.
A bright star in the sky during the day is almost invisible, while at night it attracts attention from many kilometers away. Therefore, during daylight hours it is better to use smoke signals, saving the rocket for the dark. In the same way, a rocket launched into a cloud that accidentally floats above your head can disappear without any benefit. Therefore, if possible, delay the signal for a few seconds, wait for the clouds to pass, or try to get into a part of the sky free of clouds or fog.
To work with flares and smoke bombs, you should choose elevated points of the relief. In this case, we must try to ensure that on the leeward side, where the smoke will be carried, there is an open space - a reservoir, a glacier, a clearing.
When giving a signal, any pyrotechnic device should be held at arm's length, with the nozzle facing away from you. There should be no people standing on the leeward side, nor should there be flammable or fire-resistant objects. It is strictly unacceptable to direct missiles and ammunition towards rescue planes, helicopters, ships!
When using rockets, you should take into account the direction and strength of the wind, which can strongly blow away the parachute with the signal star burning underneath it. If you want the signal to burn above your head, shoot slightly into the wind.
Another purely “missile” mistake is to underestimate the force of its recoil. This is especially true for large parachute rockets! If you do not hold the rocket casing tightly enough, it may jerk downward and slip out of your hands when fired.
And one more very important advice. Most pyrotechnics have a one-time effect, that is, having given a signal once, it cannot be repeated. Therefore, it is necessary to send a signal from as close a distance as possible and only when there is confidence that it will be noticed. For example, when you see a rescue plane or ship or clearly hear the increasing noise of running engines.
While driving, signaling devices must be stored in a place protected from impacts and precipitation and at the same time easily accessible. And during rest stops, keep away from fire. Many pyrotechnics are afraid of heat, intense friction and impacts, from which they can fail or even explode!
In addition to their direct purpose, almost all pyrotechnic signaling devices can be successfully used to scare away predatory animals - white and brown bears, wolves, jackals, etc.
Although it’s a stretch, aerosol cans can be considered the simplest pyrotechnic signaling means. Anything - from hairspray and other cosmetics to repellents. A jet of aerosol released from a can, if passed through the flame of a match or lighter, flares up with a bright torch several tens of centimeters long, visible from the air for several kilometers. The aerosol should be released in short, no more than 1 - 2 s, presses with 2 - 5 second pauses. With more long burning an aerosol jet can explode in your hands!
Maritime international distress signals:
releasing puffs of smoke orange color (1);
flame on the ship (for example, from a burning tar barrel) (2);
rockets or grenades that emit red stars, fired one at a time at short intervals (3);
red parachute flare or red flare (4);
flag signal NC (NC) according to the International Code of Signals (5);
a signal consisting of a square flag with a ball above or below it (6);
slow, repeated raising and lowering of arms extended to the sides (7);
cannon shots or explosions made at intervals of about one minute, or a continuous sound produced by any fog signal apparatus (8);
SOS distress signal transmitted by radiotelegraph or other signaling system, or the word “mayday”, pronounced over a radiotelephone (9).
All these signals have one single meaning, known to sailors all over the world - "I'm in trouble and need help".
4. Smoke and color distress signals.
These include various smoke bombs and firecrackers, most often used at sea. Such checkers are triggered after being pulled out pilot cord and burn, emitting orange smoke, from 1 minute (hand bomb) to 4 minutes (floating bomb).
The floating smoke bomb used in domestic fleets has a length of 253 mm, a diameter of 80 mm and a weight of 820 g. Estimated visibility range smoke signal, lasting 3 minutes - one nautical mile. The checker is activated by pulling the ignition cord.
In addition to color-smoke signals, there are special dyes that, when dissolved in water, create a large, colorful spot that is noticeable from afar.
These include, for example, uranine, intended for use in the sea or in vast freshwater bodies. Upon contact with water, uranine spreads over the surface, forming a huge spot of intense green-emerald color (if it gets into cold water) or orange (if found in warm water).
The dye remains visible for about 4 - 6 hours in calm water and only 2 - 3 hours in rough water.
The nature of distress signals largely, sometimes to a decisive extent, depends on the place where they are issued. Even the most powerful signal flare can be launched in such a place and at such a time that no one will ever see the distress signals. First of all, you need to take into account the time of day and weather conditions.
A bright star in the sky during the day is almost invisible, while at night it attracts attention from many kilometers away. Therefore, during daylight hours it is better to use smoke distress signals, saving the rocket for darkness. In the same way, a rocket launched into a cloud that accidentally floats above your head can disappear without any benefit. Therefore, if possible, delay issuing a distress signal for a few seconds, wait for the clouds to pass, or try to get into a part of the sky free of clouds or fog.
To work with flares and smoke bombs, you should choose elevated points of the relief. In this case, you must try to ensure that on the leeward side, where the smoke will be carried, there is an open space - a reservoir, a glacier, a clearing. When sending a distress signal, any pyrotechnic means should be held at arm's length, with the nozzle facing away from you. There should be no people standing on the leeward side, nor should there be flammable or fire-resistant objects. It is strictly unacceptable to direct flares and cartridges towards rescue aircraft, helicopters, and ships.
When using flares, you should take into account the direction and strength of the wind, which can strongly blow away the parachute with the signal star burning underneath it. If you want the signal to burn above your head, shoot slightly into the wind. Another purely missile mistake is underestimating the force of its recoil. This is especially true for large parachute rockets. If you do not hold the rocket casing tightly enough, it may jerk downward and slip out of your hands when fired. I was once able to verify this by giving a light (not an emergency) signal in the winter taiga. The mittens, frozen to the point of ice, did not allow us to squeeze our fingers with sufficient force, and for this reason the rocket fired in two directions at once: as an asterisk into the sky, and with a cartridge case into the ground.
It was only by miracle that the light charge that did not follow its trajectory did not burn my hair. But it could have been worse, much worse. For example, during a rock concert on Palace Square in St. Petersburg, a rocket unexpectedly fired into the crowd hit the temple and outright killed a spectator standing nearby. That is why the rocket should only be handled with your bare hand, having first wiped your palm and fingers dry. And one more very important piece of advice. Most pyrotechnics have a one-time effect, that is, having given a signal once, it cannot be repeated. Therefore, it is necessary to send a signal from as close a distance as possible and only when there is confidence that it will be noticed. For example, when you see a rescue plane or ship or clearly hear the increasing noise of running engines.
On the other hand, if you have a supply of disposable pyrotechnics, when a still invisible rescue plane or helicopter approaches, it is better not to skimp on rockets. Here stinginess can do a disservice. The aircraft leading the search is not a city tram, which travels the same route several times a day. A search plane does not always return to a place it has already flown over. Therefore, it is better to give distress signals (I repeat once again: if you do not need pyrotechnics!) before it can be detected visually.
Point in the direction of the sound, if possible calculating the direction of flight from its increase or decrease. A rocket, having broken through low clouds, can be seen by pilots, while you will never see the plane. If there is no longer a need to send a signal, the ignition cord with the ring must be carefully placed in the socket intended for the rocket and the protective cap must be screwed on. While driving, signaling devices must be stored in a place protected from impacts and precipitation and at the same time easily accessible. And during rest stops, keep away from fire. Many pyrotechnics are susceptible to heat, intense friction and impacts, which can cause them to malfunction or even explode.
In addition to their direct purpose, almost all pyrotechnic signaling devices can be successfully used to scare away predatory animals - polar and brown bears, wolves, jackals, etc.
Household means for sending distress signals.
Although it’s a stretch, aerosol cans can be considered the simplest pyrotechnic signaling means. Anything from hairspray and other cosmetics to repellents. A jet of aerosol released from a can, if passed through the flame of a match or, flares up with a bright, several tens of centimeters long, torch, visible from the air for several kilometers. The aerosol should be released in short, no more than 1 - 2 seconds, presses with 2 - 5 second pauses. If the aerosol jet burns for a longer period of time, the can may explode in your hands.
If it is necessary to send a long signal, the canister should be dug into the ground, place a flat stone on the start button or pull it back with an elastic band passed through the bottom, place a small torch in the path of the jet and move a few meters to the side. And if you remember childhood pranks, you can use sulfur match heads, magnesium, cerium and other things. make various “bombs”, firecrackers, “sparklers” and similar homemade, dubious properties, but still pyrotechnic light and sound signaling devices. Their production and use are associated with a certain risk, so I do not provide a specific recipe here. Anyone who was interested in this kind of chemistry before, I think, will be able to use their childhood skills not for fun, but for business.
Maritime international distress signals.
— Release of puffs of orange smoke.
— Flame on a ship, for example from a burning tar barrel.
- Rockets or grenades that emit red stars, released one at a time at short intervals.
— A red parachute rocket or a red flare.
— Flag signal NC (NC) according to the International Code of Signals.
— A signal consisting of a square flag with a ball above or below it.
- Slow, repeated raising and lowering of arms extended to the sides.
— Cannon shots or explosions made at intervals of about one minute, or a continuous sound produced by any fog signal apparatus.
— An SOS distress signal transmitted by radiotelegraph or other signaling system, or the word "mayday" spoken by radiotelephone.
All these signals have one single meaning, known to sailors all over the world - “I am in distress, I need help.”
Smoke and color distress signals in an emergency.
These include (in addition to the daytime signal) various smoke bombs and firecrackers, most often used at sea. Such bombs are triggered after the ignition cord is pulled out and burn, emitting orange smoke, from 1 minute (hand bomb) to 4 minutes (floating bomb). The floating smoke bomb used in fleets has a length of 253 mm, a diameter of 80 mm and a weight of 820 g. The estimated visibility range of a smoke signal lasting 3 minutes is one nautical mile. The checker is activated by pulling the ignition cord.
There are other types of smoke bombs. Up to those that one person simply cannot cope with. For example, a large smoke signal bomb has a length of 74 cm, a diameter of 21 cm and a weight of 32 kg. This giant “smoke” burns for 8 minutes, and its signal is visible 20 km away. In addition to color-smoke distress signals, there are special dyes that, when dissolved in water, create a large, colorful spot that is noticeable from afar. These include, for example, uranine, intended for use in the sea or in vast freshwater bodies.
Upon contact with water, uranine spreads over the surface, forming a huge spot of intense green-emerald color (if it gets into cold water) or orange color (if it gets into warm water). The dye remains visible for about 4 - 6 hours in calm water and only 2 - 3 hours in rough water. To some extent color signals disasters can be served by various orange panels, awnings of life rafts and boats, clothing and tents in bright red colors.
Based on materials from the book “School of Survival in Accidents and Natural Disasters.”
Ilyin A.
Pyrotechnic signaling devices include flares, smoke bombs, flares, self-ignition buoys and electric self-ignition buoys, as well as various kinds explosive cartridges simulating a cannon shot on a ship. Application on sea vessels pyrotechnic means for signaling must comply with the requirements of the International Convention SOLAS – 74 and the Register Rules.
All pyrotechnics launched into the air must begin to extinguish when dropped at a height of 50 m from the water.
Signaling with pyrotechnic means is carried out both in the dark and during daylight hours in the form of visual and audio signals. For such signaling, especially for distress signals, rockets are often used. They are usually launched into the air by hand or from a special device to a height of up to 300-400 m, called the “rocket take-off ceiling”. According to the signaling method, missiles have their own distinctive characteristics.
A rocket called a distress signal rocket, throws 6-8 bright red stars into the air - one at a time at short intervals. When taking off, it leaves a trail of fire. The ejection of stars by a rocket occurs near the ceiling of its takeoff.
Parachute rocket distress signal - red, has a special device that opens a parachute, thanks to which it burns in the air for a long time (about 40 s) with a bright red flame and also throws out stars of the same color, take-off altitude of at least 300 m, burning duration 40 s and the lowering speed is no more than 5 m/s.
Sonic grenade rocket (or combined rocket) combines sound and light signals. When it explodes, it makes a sound simulating a cannon shot, and then immediately emits a red signal fire. The distress signal can be heard from a distance of at least 5 miles.
Single star rocket- red, take-off height of at least 8 m, burning duration of at least 6 s, used in rescue operations.
False flare consists of a sleeve filled with a pyrotechnic composition and a handle. During ignition, the flare is held by this handle. False flares, which produce a bright red color when burned, are used to give a distress signal. Burning time – 60 s. White flares burn for 20 seconds and serve to attract attention. Red lights up for 60 seconds and is a distress signal. Flares with fire blue used to call a pilot; this signal is given only when needed.
Smoke bomb has the ability to float on water, included in the kit signaling devices lifeboats and rafts. When burned, it produces a thick, orange-colored smoke (visible from 3 miles away) that lasts approximately 5 minutes.
Luminous and light-smoking buoys attached to lifebuoys placed on the wings of the navigation bridge. When the buoy hits the water, a light signal lasting at least 45 minutes, or an orange light and smoke signal lasting at least 15 minutes, automatically turns on. The design of the buoys ensures their reliable operation when dropped from a height of 25 m or more.
International maritime distress signals
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Rice. 4. International maritime distress signals.
When using pyrotechnics, the following safety rules must be strictly observed:
Only crew members who have undergone special instructions can use pyrotechnics, which is documented in the protocol of the qualification commission;
There should be no people nearby when launching rockets;
It is prohibited to direct the flight of missiles towards ships, coastal structures, or people;
Pyrotechnic devices that did not work when put into operation must be immediately flooded (thrown overboard);
It is prohibited to disassemble rockets and launch sound rockets from hands;
Impacts and shocks are not allowed when storing and using rockets and bombs;
A line-throwing missile must only be launched with a line attached to it.
Pyrotechnics must be stored in special waterproof metal boxes installed on the open bridge, and for lifeboats in special containers. The rocket launchers are kept by the captain. Pyrotechnics that have expired must be replaced.
The use of open flames and smoking near the storage of pyrotechnics and during their use is strictly prohibited.
Transport vessels unlimited navigation area in addition to the pyrotechnic means of lifeboats and rafts must be, upon request Register AndSOL AS 74 , equipped with:
Ship parachute rocket - 12 pcs.;
Sonic rocket (grenade) - 12 pcs.;
Red flare - 12 pcs.
Disposable green rocket - 12 pcs.;
One-star red rocket - 12 pcs.;
False flare white- 12 pcs.
Table 3. Main characteristics of pyrotechnics
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Counters
Pyrotechnic signaling devices
Pyrotechnics are widely used to send distress signals at sea.
The parachute distress signal flare is red, the take-off altitude is not less than 300 m, the burning duration is 40 s and the descent speed is not more than 5 m/s.
The rocket grenade is sound and sends a distress signal with an audibility range of at least 5 miles.
One-star rocket - red, take-off height of at least 8 m, burning duration of at least 6 s; used in rescue operations.
A flare is a cardboard or plastic sleeve filled with a pyrotechnic composition; activated by an incendiary device; while burning it is held in the hands. The white flare burns for 20 seconds and serves to attract attention, the red one burns for 60 seconds and is a distress signal.
A smoke bomb is included in the lifeboat signaling kit. Once activated, it is thrown overboard, where it creates an orange smoke cloud within 3 minutes, visible at a distance of 3 miles.
Luminous and illuminated buoys are attached to lifebuoys placed on the wings of the navigation bridge. When a buoy hits the water, a light signal lasting at least 45 minutes or an orange light and smoke signal lasting at least 15 minutes are automatically turned on. The design of the buoys ensures their reliable operation when dropped from a height of 25 m or more.
When using pyrotechnics, the following safety rules must be strictly observed:
- only crew members who have undergone special instructions can use pyrotechnics, which is documented in the protocol of the qualification commission;
- there should be no people nearby when launching rockets;
- It is prohibited to direct the flight of missiles towards ships, coastal structures, or people;
- pyrotechnic devices that did not work when put into operation must be immediately flooded (thrown overboard);
- it is prohibited to disassemble rockets and launch sound rockets from hands;
- Impacts and shocks are not allowed when storing and using rockets and bombs;
- a line-throwing missile must only be launched with a line attached to it.
Pyrotechnics must be stored in special waterproof metal boxes installed on the open bridge, and for lifeboats - in special containers; The rocket launchers are kept by the captain.
Pyrotechnics that have expired must be replaced.
The use of open flames and smoking near the storage of pyrotechnics and during their use is strictly prohibited.
