Recommendations for drilling wells in frozen soils during engineering-geological surveys for construction. Drilling frozen soil Drilling technology for drilling wells in frozen soils
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INDUSTRIAL
AND THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR ENGINEERING SURVEYS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE USSR STATE CONSTRUCTION
MOSCOW - 1974
INDUSTRIAL
AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR ENGINEERING SURVEYS IN CONSTRUCTION OF THE USSR State Construction Committee
ON DRILLING WELLS IN FROZEN SOILS DURING ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS FOR CONSTRUCTION
STROYIZD AT - 1974
usually occur subject to established technological regimes and technical specifications for drilling a well. As a result of this type of violation occurs (d permissible limits) increase in sample surface temperature frozen soil n well walls. At the same time, the quality of the resulting soil samples and monoliths is suitable for geological documentation and laboratory research, and in the well itself, after a certain period of standing, the thermal regime close to natural is restored.
1.32. In case of irreparable violations, distortions in the thermal regime of frozen soils are very significant and are irreversible. Fatal violations occur when established technological conditions and technical conditions for drilling a well are not observed, as well as for other reasons (for example, in the presence of several aquifers, when it is difficult to perform reliable waterproofing in the annulus).
1.33. As a result of irreparable disturbances, an excessive increase in the temperature of frozen soil samples and borehole walls occurs, and sometimes their thawing. In this case, soil samples turn out to be practically unsuitable for geological documentation and laboratory research, and the well itself cannot be used in the future for thermal logging.
1.34. The specific properties of frozen soils, associated with their temperature regime and cryogenic structure, determine a number of requirements for drilling wells. The main ones of these requirements are:
preservation of the temperature and structure of soil samples removed to the surface;
eliminating the possibility of a significant (irreversible) violation temperature regime soils composing the walls of the well.
1.35. During drilling operations during surveys in areas where frozen soils are widespread, the following conditions are distinguished: light, medium, severe and special conditions (Table 2). Medium conditions, in turn, are divided into ordinary and increased complexity. Moderate conditions of increased complexity are typical for areas where frozen soils are widespread.
Table data 2 should be used when choosing drilling equipment for transportability.
2. METHODS AND TECHNICAL MEANS OF DRILLING WELLS
CHOOSING A METHOD OF BUREPIA
2.1. The drilling method is selected depending on the physical, mechanical and physical properties of frozen soils, the purpose and depth of the well, as well as the conditions of work.
2.2. The specific features of frozen soils and the requirements for their study significantly limit the possibilities of application. existing methods drilling and its varieties. Only those methods are acceptable that ensure obtaining a soil sample with undisturbed temperature and structure and maintaining the natural thermal regime in the well.
2.3 Recommended methods for drilling engineering-geological areas in frozen soils are: core method “dry* and with blowing compressed air(V in some cases with ID<*чыикой охлажденными солевыми или глинистыми растворами); ударно-канатный способ кольцевым забоем (клюющий и забивной), вибрационный способ. Допустимыми являются шнековый и ручной уларно-вращатсльныи способы.
2.4. The dry core drilling method is recommended for drilling mainly exploratory wells up to 30 m deep in non-rocky (hard-frozen, plastic-frozen) soils of categories IV-VI according to drillability 1. The use of this method in granular-frozen, coarse-clastic. Frozen cracked and monolithic rocky soils are not recommended.
The advantages of dry core drilling are ensuring the preservation of the natural thermal regime in the well, ensuring the possibility of obtaining samples with natural temperature and structure, eliminating the need to use flushing fluid and compressed air.
The disadvantages of the dry core drilling method are relatively low productivity, a small amount of penetration per trip, a large amount of time spent on tripping operations, and the difficulty of drilling deep wells.
2.3. In combination with the “dry” core method, in some cases it is recommended to use slow-rotary drilling using rock-cutting tools for manual drilling (spoon drills, coils). The slow rotation method is used when drilling wells, for drilling loose frozen sandy soils (using spoon drills), plastically frozen soils with a temperature close to 0°C (using spoon drills and, less commonly, coils).
2.6. The core method with compressed air blowing is recommended for drilling exploratory and hydrogeological wells to a depth of 100 m or more in non-rocky (hard-frozen, plastically frozen), coarse-clastic (the voids of which are filled with ice) and in monolithic and slightly fractured rocky soils.
The use of drilling with blowing in loosely frozen sandy and coarse-grained soils, as well as highly fractured rocky soils is not recommended. The use of this method is impossible in case of strong water influxes in the well. Drilling with blowing is most advisable to use in winter, when there is no need to cool the compressed air pumped into the well. In the summer perilt, the compressed air heats up greatly and at the exit from the compressor the temperature rises to 4"60 °C (at an atmospheric temperature of Kch-spirit h-20*C). Injecting heated air into a well can lead to complete “melting” of the core and irreversible disruption of the well’s thermal regime.
In both summer and winter, the forced air should have a temperature approximately equal to the average annual soil temperature.
The advantages of the core method with purging are: little influence on the natural thermal regime in the well and
Possibility of obtaining samples with undisturbed temperature and undisturbed structure; ensuring the possibility of drilling deep wells in non-rocky and rocky soils; high productivity and significant penetration per flight. Under optimal conditions, drilling with flushing provides an increase in drilling speed by 1.5-2 times compared to flushing and a reduction in cost by 1.2-1.3 times.
The disadvantages of the core method with blowing are: limited scope; the impossibility of drilling in waterlogged soils and the cumbersome nature of the equipment used.
2.7. The core method with washing with cooled salt and clay solutions can be used for drilling wells up to 100 m deep or more in rocky soils. Drilling with flushing with cooled clay solutions should be used when drilling monolithic or slightly fractured soils, and with flushing with cooled clay solutions - frozen cracked soils. In accordance with SNiP I-ALZ-69, when drilling wells in hard-frozen and plastic-frozen non-rock soils, the use of flushing fluids is prohibited.
The advantages of the method are the ability to drill wells of considerable depth, high productivity, and significant penetration per trip; Disadvantages: limited scope of application, high labor intensity associated with the need to prepare a clay solution and maintain a given negative temperature of the washing liquid.
2.8. Auger drilling with an annular face is recommended for linear surveys. A core auger drill designed by the Central Scientific Research Institute of MPS and others should be used as a rock-cutting tool and core collector. In-line and route auger drilling methods for excavation of frozen soils are not recommended for use.
2.9. The impact-rope method with a ring face is recommended for drilling wells up to 10-15 m deep in plastically frozen (with a temperature close to 0°C) and loosely frozen sandy soils. The use of this method in loose-frozen coarse-clastic, hard-frozen non-rocky and frozen rocky soils is not recommended. Driven cups (without valve and with valve) are used as a tool.
2.10. To drill high-temperature frozen non-cohesive soils containing a significant amount of unfrozen water, the shock-rope gluing method should be used.
The advantages of the method are low power consumption, short time spent on tripping and hoisting operations, preservation of the natural thermal regime in the well, simplicity of the equipment used and drilling technology. The disadvantage of this method is the limited scope of application both in terms of drilling depth, tan and soil types.
"The vibration method for drilling frozen soils for engineering and geological purposes was first used in Dalstroyproskt. Vibration drilling was carried out with a BULIZ-15 drilling rig. When drilling wells, good quality frozen soil samples were obtained and a relatively high mechanical drilling speed was achieved.
high-temperature plastic-frozen soils without inclusions of grain-clastic material.
2.12. For drilling hard-frozen, low-temperature, non-rocky and rocky soils, it is recommended to use the rotary impact drilling method with air hammers. This method has the same advantages as the core-blow method, but has higher productivity.
2.13. The manual rotary impact method can be used for drilling sounding and exploration wells with a depth of no more than 15 m in especially hard-to-reach areas with a small amount of work. Manual drilling is quite effective when drilling non-rocky plastic-frozen, loose-frozen and, less commonly, hard-frozen soils. It should be taken into account that drilling coarse soils using this method is difficult. The disadvantages of manual drilling are low productivity, small penetration per trip, and high labor intensity.
2.14. When manual drilling, they mainly use short (up to 1-4.5 m) core pipes with standard and specially reinforced carbide bits, as well as spoon drills (with regular and special blade filling), coils (spiral drills). When drilling loose sandy and coarse-grained highly water-logged soils, bailers and, less often, bits are used.
2.15. When drilling wells crossing interlayered frozen and unfrozen soils, it is recommended to use combined drilling methods (for example, “dry” core and impact-rope with a solid face; core “dry” and slow-rotational; impact-rope with annular and solid face, etc.).
SELECTION OF DRILLING RIGS
2.17. For the conditions of carrying out engineering surveys in areas where frozen soils are widespread, the most acceptable are self-propelled units on caterpillar tracks with high maneuverability, as well as portable and stationary (dismountable into transport units) machines that can be delivered to the work site by any type of transport.
2.18. Depending on the conditions of drilling operations, when choosing the type of drilling rig or installation for transportability, you must be guided by the instructions in Table. 3.
2.19. As noted, the most widely used method for drilling frozen soils is the dry core drilling method. In this case, satisfactory quality of the selected frozen soil samples can be ensured only at a reduced rotation speed of the instrument (within 15-60 rpm). The use of higher tool rotation speeds can lead to unacceptable thawing of the sampled core and borehole walls. In addition, in accordance with the requirements for the quality and diameter of the sampled frozen soil cores, it is recommended to select a minimum drilling diameter of at least 92-112 mm. Consequently, the selected drilling rig must ensure the drilling of wells of the required depth with a final diameter of not
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less than 92 mm with a tool rotation speed of no more than 60 rpm. These requirements are largely satisfied by existing core drilling machines.
2.20. For drilling sounding wells to the depth of the base of the seasonal thawing or freezing layer with a diameter of up to 89 mm, portable drilling stations are recommended: Ml, D-10M, PBU-10, PVBSM-15, UPB-25 (UKB-12.5/25). The listed portable machines have rotation speeds of the drilling tool, usually in the range of 100-300 rpm. It is recommended to modernize these machines by installing reduction gearboxes.
2.21. Transportable (mobile) drilling rigs (mainly percussion-rope drilling with annular face) can be recommended for drilling wells in light and partly medium conditions. This type includes the following units: UBP-15M, D-5-25, BUKS-LGT, BUV-1B. These installations are recommended for use for drilling wells up to 15 m deep with an initial diameter of up to 168 mm in high-temperature (0-0.5 ° C) plastically frozen soils, as well as in areas where “island” permafrost is developed. In some cases, it is advisable to mount the transported installations on skids and transport them with a tractor.
2.22. Self-propelled units based on a car are recommended to be used for drilling exploration wells mainly in light
conditions.<К числу рекомендуемых самоходных установок относятся: БУЛИЗ-15, АВБ-2.М, УБР-2, УГБ-50М, ЛБУ-50. СБУДМ-150-ЗИВ. УРБ-2А. Так же как и перевозимые установки на колесном ходу, са-моходные установки в зимний период целесообразно устанавливать на полозья и транспортировать их трактором. В отдельных случаях эти установки вообще могут быть перемонтированы на тракторную базу.
2.23. Self-propelled drilling rigs on crawler tracks are recommended for drilling shallow engineering-geological wells in basic and medium (partially in light) conditions. Recommended installations are: URB-1V, LVB-TM, USH-2T, USHB-TM.
2.24. It is advisable to use stationary drilling rigs in all ycjiiHiiit "". when drilling deep (up to 100 m or more) wells. Pt*M)Mi4i/iugmy inlayup i punks: 1IZH-2M-100. LK-150. UKB-200/300. "P1F."100M, SBA-SH), They usually install closed TSP-lik/m, mounted on skids, and transported by tractor. In difficult conditions, the machines are disassembled into blocks and assembled on site.
Rational areas of application, a brief description and technical characteristics of the machines listed above are given in Appendix 1.
3. DRILLING TECHNOLOGY FOR DRILLING WELLS IN FROZEN SOILS
3.1. The degree of impact of the drilling process on the samples taken and the natural temperature regime of frozen soils are largely determined by the drilling technology. It is important to correctly select those drilling operating parameters that have a particularly strong effect on heat generation in wells. These primarily include the rotation speed of the drilling tool, the axial load and the temperature of the compressed air when blowing or the injected liquid when flushing the well.
3.2. An increase in the rotation speed of the drilling tool inevitably leads to an increase in the amount of heat generated in the near-wellbore zone. To reduce the amount of heat generated during drilling, as a rule, it is necessary to strive to reduce the rotation speed of the drilling tool.
3.3. Compressed air and flushing fluid used to clean a well from sludge are also carriers of excess heat in relation to frozen soils. Therefore, the air temperature of the washing liquid should, if possible, be close to the temperature of frozen soils. Failure to comply with the thermal regime of drilling with compressed air blowing leads to intensive adhesion of cuttings to the walls of the well with the formation of oil seals above the drilling tool. When drilling with flushing, the walls of the well are destroyed when they thaw, ice forms in the well in the form of “slush” or the barrel freezes.
3.4. When developing a technological regime, first of all, it is necessary to carefully study all materials on the geology of the site and conduct a comprehensive analysis of the existing work on drilling a well in the survey area.
3.5. When choosing a drilling tool, it is necessary to take into account that the degree of destruction of soils by a drill bit is determined by their temperature and physical and mechanical properties. Afterbirth-
INTRODUCTION
The intensive development of capital construction in Siberia, the Far East and the Far North of the USSR requires a significant increase in the volume of engineering and geological surveys. The main features of these areas are the widespread occurrence of permafrost soils and extremely harsh climatic conditions. These features have a significant impact both on the production of surveys in general and on each type of work separately.
The most important tasks of engineering-geological surveys in areas where frozen soils are widespread are: search and selection of sites and routes favorable for construction; assessment of engineering-geological (especially permafrost) conditions at selected sites; identification of areas unfavorable for construction (especially those where permafrost physical and geological processes and phenomena are developed); forecast of changes in the temperature regime of permafrost foundation soils and other engineering-geological permafrost conditions during the operation of designed buildings and structures. It is obvious that a successful solution to the above problems is possible through the widespread use of drilling operations. The study of frozen soils at great depths can only be carried out using boreholes. Rational integration of drilling operations with other research methods (geophysical, field experimental, aerial photometric, etc.) allows us to obtain the highest quality information about the composition, condition and physical and mechanical properties of frozen soils.
The equipment and technology for drilling frozen soils differ significantly from the equipment and technology used when drilling unfrozen soils. These differences relate mainly to the designs of rock-cutting tools and drilling operating parameters.
The list of drilling methods and machines that can be successfully used for drilling wells in frozen soils is also quite limited. It should also be borne in mind that in areas where frozen soils are widespread, drilling operations are complicated by the severity of the climate, the impossibility in many cases of organizing work in the summer (or vice versa, in the winter), the lack of satisfactory access roads to drilling wells, and the remoteness of repair bases and sources electricity etc. finally, the difficulty of providing normal living conditions for service personnel. Along with this brown work in frozen soils, many of the same features are inherent that are characteristic of all engineering surveys in general. General requirements for drilling wells for survey purposes are set out in “Recommendations for drilling operations during engineering-geological surveys for construction” (M., Stroyizdat, 1970). These Recommendations focus on the specific features of drilling engineering-geological wells in frozen soils.
numerical domestic and foreign publications. The works of A.F. Maramzin, A.M. Magurdu-moa, I.P. Elmanov and others, as well as the methodological manual, were most widely used<По-левые геокриологические исследования» (Издательство Академии наук СССР. М.. 1961).
The recommendations are intended for workers engaged in engineering surveys for construction in areas of permafrost, as well as for scientific and technical personnel of research, design and construction organizations.
and PURPOSE AND FEATURES OF DRILLING ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL WELLS IN FROZEN SOILS
1.1. During engineering-geological surveys in frozen soils, boreholes are drilled to solve the following problems: establishing the theological structure of the site (site), lithological composition of the soil, temperature state of the soil (frozen or frozen), depth of seasonally freezing and seasonally thawing layers, cryogenic textures and ice content of soils ; soil sampling; determining the hydrogeological conditions of the area, the thermal regime of soils; interpretation of geoelectric sections and sections of elastic wave velocities.
1.2. Boreholes during surveys are divided into:
value, design drilling depth, rock strength and well wall stability, conditions for drilling operations (mainly, conditions for transporting drilling equipment).
In table 1 summarizes the classification of wells during engineering surveys in construction.
1.3. When conducting engineering surveys in permafrost soils, boreholes are recommended to be used to conduct comprehensive studies.
1.4. During surveys in areas of permafrost, sounding wells are carried out mainly to determine the depths of seasonal thawing or freezing of soils. Probing wells are predominant at the initial stages of surveys and are used during permafrost surveys of the territory.
1.5. The purpose of exploration wells is to study the geological section in detail. A soil sample (core), extracted from exploration wells, serves to determine the features of the geological section: the sequence in the occurrence of layers, the state of the soil (frozen or unfrozen), their thickness and the position of the contacts, the textural and structural features of the soil (layering, separation, dispersion, type structure, the presence of additives, nests, inclusions, including ice, etc.), the density and consistency of the soil corresponding to natural conditions, humidity and water content of the soil, etc. Drilling and equipment of exploration wells should ensure the subsequent conduct of high-quality temperature observation.
A type of exploration wells are technical wells, the main purpose of which is to take samples of soil with an undisturbed natural composition (monoliths) to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the soil. Continuous, interval and single selection of monoliths can be carried out from technical wells. In permafrost soils, all exploration wells are used to collect samples and monoliths.
1.6. Hydrogeological wells are drilled to study the filtration properties of soils and search for and characteristics of groundwater flows, conduct experimental pumping, filling, injection and routine observations of changes in groundwater levels. Hydrogeological observations can also be made during the drilling of wells: directly during their drilling and in the event
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By drilling depth |
Shallow (up to 10 m) |
Type and power of drilling string, main parameters of drilling equipment and tools |
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Medium (from 10 to 30 m) |
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Deep (from 30 to 100 m) |
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Very deep (over 100 m) |
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According to the strength of the drilled rocks and the stability of the well walls |
In rocky (monolithic and fractured) soils |
Drilling method and technology, type of drilling tool, method of fastening the borehole walls, method of sampling, etc. |
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In frozen soils |
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In coarse soils |
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In sandy soils |
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In clay soils |
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According to the conditions of equipment transportation |
In light conditions |
Transportability of drilling rigs |
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Under average conditions |
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In difficult conditions |
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Under special conditions |
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Table 1 |
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the use of special formation testers and instruments for studying well intervals using the flow-dometry method.
Hydrogeological wells can simultaneously serve as exploratory wells until groundwater is discovered. Their main difference from the latter is the relatively large drilling diameter, due to the need to install water-lifting equipment in the well. If, when drilling these wells, the task of detailed geological documentation is not set, drilling can be carried out without core sampling.
1.7. To carry out special work in wells, as well as to ensure the possibility of lowering a person into them, special-purpose wells are drilled (for example, large-diameter wells). This group of wells also includes workings in which the nature of experimental work requires the use of special equipment or special technology for their drilling.
1.8. The specific tasks that arise when drilling frozen soils include ensuring the possibility of determining their natural temperature regime in wells and selecting samples to determine physical, mechanical, and physical characteristics. The rules for sampling frozen soils are determined by their composition, temperature and the purpose of the study.
1.9. Boreholes are used for thermokarst and experimental field work.
1.10. The following types of work can be carried out in hydrogeological wells: routine observations of changes in the level, temperature and chemical composition of water; determination of the direction and speed of movement of groundwater.
1.11. Among the geophysical studies in exploration wells, resistivity logging (RL), lateral logging (LSL), and ultrasonic logging are carried out. In addition, wells are used as reference wells in the production of vertical electrical sounding (VES), electrical profiling (EG1) and seismic exploration.
1.12. The diameters of wells, depending on their purpose, usually vary within the following limits:
probing.... 33-89 mm
exploration.....108-219 »
hydrogeological. .up to 42G mm and more special purposes > 200 » » >
1.13. The design depth of the wells depends on the stage of engineering-geological surveys, as well as the thickness of the thermoactive zone of the foundation soils.
1.14. When surveying for a technical project, the depth of the wells is determined by the depth of annual temperature fluctuations in the soil, and when surveying for working drawings - by the thickness of the hermetic zone. In the first case, the average well depth is 12-15 m, in the second - 20-30 m. The depth of sounding wells in all cases is equal to the depth of seasonal thawing or freezing of soils during drilling.
1.15. In accordance with the nomenclature of soils according to SNiP N-B. 6-66 frozen soils, according to their condition, are divided into hard frozen and loose frozen.
1.16. Hard-frozen soils are rocks firmly cemented by ice, characterized by relatively brittle fracture; they are practically incompressible. Hard-frozen soils include sandy and clayey soils if their temperature is lower (in °C):
for dusty sands
e sandy loam » loam » clay. . ,
1.17. Plastically frozen soils include ice-cemented soils that have viscous properties (due to the content of a significant amount of unfrozen water). These soils are characterized by their ability to compress under loads. Plastically frozen soils include sandy and clayey soils with a degree of pore filling with ice and unfrozen water G^0.8, if their temperature is in the range from 0°C to the values indicated for hard-frozen soils.
1.18. Granular frozen soils include sandy and coarse-grained soils that are not cemented by ice (due to low humidity).
the presence of ice in them (in the form of ice-cement, as well as ice inclusions and layers); changes in the temperature regime of soils when natural conditions are disrupted; changes in the physical and mechanical properties of soils when their temperature changes.
1.19. Specific features of permafrost soils that should be taken into account when assigning drilling modes include:
1.20. When the temperature of frozen soil changes, the amount of ice-cement in it changes, and the soil can go from a solid-frozen state to a plastic-frozen state (with increasing temperature), and vice versa.
Granular frozen soils and monolithic rocky soils, as a rule, do not change their mechanical properties when their temperature changes. Fractured rock and coarse soils, the cracks and voids of which are filled with ice, can change their mechanical properties when thawing.
1.21. Permafrost soils, compared to similar non-frozen soils, have higher strength properties due to the cementing ability of ice.
1.22. The main factors influencing the drillability of frozen soils are composition, cryogenic structure, temperature, physical properties, including the mineral part of soils, which generally determine their hardness, viscosity, abrasiveness and other properties. Below is a brief description of the main types of frozen soils.
1.23. Frozen soils with a massive texture are characterized by the presence of mainly pore ice and have a small ice content due to ice inclusions (equal to or less than 0.03 volume of frozen soil). These soils have a relatively uniform alternation of mineral particles, crystals of pore ice (ice-cement) holding the mineral particles together into a monolithic mass, and rare ice inclusions. Frozen soil with layered and mesh texture
swarms are characterized by high humidity and have an ice content (due to ice inclusions: lenses and layers) of more than 0.03 volume.
1.21 Frozen soils in almost all cases contain unfrozen water, the amount of which depends on the temperature, composition and salinity of the soil. The presence of unfrozen water in the pores of frozen soils gives them the property of plasticity in their natural state.
1.25. Due to the low content of unfrozen water, hard-frozen soils are characterized by less plasticity. When drilling, such soils are split by a carbide bit along the ice cleavage plane, producing large fragmentary sludge.
1.26. Due to the significant content of unfrozen water, plastically frozen soils are characterized by increased plasticity and viscosity. Due to their high plasticity, such soils are more slowly susceptible to destruction during the drilling process and require increased torque, downhole pressure and power for penetration during core drilling or increased energy and frequency of impacts during percussion-rope drilling.
1.27. Due to low humidity, loosely frozen soils and monolithic rocky soils are similar in degree of drillability to non-frozen soils.
1.28. The properties of frozen soils are very sensitive to the slightest disturbances in the natural thermal regime of the latter. Therefore, when drilling wells, the temperature of frozen soils should not be significantly distorted.
1.29. During the drilling process, the natural thermal regime and structure of frozen soils can change under the influence of the following factors:
heat generation as a result of friction of the working parts of rock-cutting tips, core pipes, spoon drills and other soil samplers against the sample (core) and the borehole wall;
heat exchange in the wellbore between the agent for cleaning the well from cuttings (flushing liquid, compressed air), if the latter is used, and the surrounding soil; between the walls of the well and the outside air, if during long breaks in drilling the wellhead is not closed; as well as as a result of the circulation of surface and groundwater in the wellbore and in the annulus.
1.30. The thermal regime in a drilled thermometric well is significantly distorted when natural heat exchange on the soil surface is disrupted - under the influence of the following factors:
significant disturbance on the surface of plant soil (including grass, moss), as well as snow cover within the drilling site, and at a distance approximately within a radius from the well, equal to its depth;
failure to comply with existing rules and requirements for thermal logging work when installing the conductor and special equipment*” at the head of the conductor or casing.
Violations of the natural thermal regime of frozen soils under the influence of the above factors can in some cases be eliminated, in others they turn out to be irreparable.
1.31. In case of remediable violations, distortions are insignificant and are reversible. Removable violations, such as
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table 2 |
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This auger is designed for drilling frozen or rocky soil. This auger is represented by a special drill, which can be used for drilling mainly various wells. In particular, it is possible to drill holes for pillars with a diameter of 200 mm and a depth of 800 mm. In order to achieve a significant reduction in the forces spent on drilling and at the same time speed up the work performed when drilling both frozen and directly rocky soil, it is necessary to use special removable blades that are designed specifically for this auger. At the same time, if necessary, the screw can be easily replaced. It is worth noting that this auger is best suited for gas drills that have an above-average power rating, as well as for high-power gas drills.
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10/12/2014
With the arrival of winter, visitors to our site again have a question about drilling frozen soil because there is always a need for year-round operation of motorized drills. Frozen soil is the most difficult and unpredictable for drilling. How to choose the right motor drill for winter operation and drilling frozen soil? Even frozen sandstone, light and friable in the warm season, can cause a lot of trouble when drilling in winter.
The fact is that in winter the soil is bound by frozen water, which increases the density and mass of the soil, and when drilling, the water melts, and the mixture of water and soil becomes even more abrasive than dry soil. The basic principle of drilling frozen soil is that the auger drill blades do not cut frozen soil. The knives should break it into small pieces. And for this you need power and a strong transmission. The most popular mechanical motor drills for two operators - Stihl BT 360, Ground Hog C-71, Efco TR1585, Oleo-Mac MTL85, Iron Mole C-5, Hitachi da300e - definitely cannot cope with this job.
Low torque and there is a risk of transmission failure. Therefore, the only choice remains powerful ones with high torque and low revolutions of the drilling tool, for example (torque 750 Nm), (torque 1020 Nm) or Ground Hog HD 99 (torque 372 Nm). But even these heavy-duty machines cannot always cope with frozen soil, especially if it is necessary to drill holes with a diameter of more than 250 mm. Then only a drilling rig based on a tractor or other construction equipment will help you.
To drill frozen soil, special cutting knives are needed that can work in an abrasive environment. Standard cutting knives Pengo 35 must be replaced with more abrasive-resistant carbide knives Pengo 1336. If pebbles or gravel are found in frozen soil, we recommend installing Pengo 5T30 knives. In order for the auger drill to start drilling, it is recommended that at the drilling point, use a crowbar to crack the top layer of soil to a depth of 30 cm. The time for drilling a hole in frozen soil is tens of times higher than in ordinary soil.
When drilling, it is necessary to exert significant vertical pressure on the axis of the auger drill. At the same time, the operator must monitor the excessive load on the motor-drill transmission so that the auger does not jam in the ground and there is always a reserve in the auger rotation speed and hydraulic motor power.
When operating a motor drill in winter, you must remember to select the correct oil for the hydraulic system and gasoline engine. Suitable for the engine is synthetic oil specification 5W30, oil specification VG32, which must be used at temperatures from - 5 degrees Celsius.
As a rule, the need to drill through frozen soil may arise in different situations. This also applies to drilling wells for water, and work on the extraction of any materials, and other work. But drilling through icy soil is much more difficult than drilling into normal soil. Therefore, this matter needs to be approached more thoroughly and seriously.
Drilling wells in frozen rocks should be done slowly, as haste can lead to poor-quality drilling or tool breakage.
To drill soil with your own hands as correctly and easily as possible, you need to follow some very important rules.
But keep in mind that the rules described below will apply specifically to drilling in the cold season. Consequently, for an ordinary process of this kind they can be neglected.
Preparing for drilling
Before you start drilling wells in frozen soil, you need to choose the right drilling tool. To work with this type of soil, it is necessary to purchase a drill of such length that the rope glass with the socket is 2 meters above the sludge that is in the well. In this case, it is necessary to have cross or round chisels on the tool. Experts also advise attaching the required number of drill rods to the bit. After all, this way the process will be much more productive.
Conical drill (zabornik) for frozen soils.
Before starting work, be sure to check the reliability of the cable with which you will remove the drilling tool. This is very important, because if the cable breaks, it will be very difficult to get the drill, and this will only be additional trouble.
If the well that needs to be drilled reaches one meter, then it is advisable to additionally weld plates of fairly strong steel to the working edges of the bit. Another equally good option is welding electrodes.
It is very important to ensure good drill pressure when developing. As a rule, this is achieved through optimal operation of the working edges of the bit. If the edges become dull over time, then the pressure decreases accordingly. The conclusion is to sharpen the edges on time.
