The use of interjections in speech. “An unfortunate misunderstanding,” or Interjections. Educational ranks
Interjection- a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings, moods and motivations. Interjections are neither independent nor auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections are a feature of conversational style, in works of art used in dialogues.
Groups of interjections by meaning
There are interjections non-derivative (well, ah, ugh, eh etc.) and derivatives, derived from independent parts of speech ( Give it up! Fathers! Horror! Guard! etc.).
Interjections do not change and are not members of the sentence . But sometimes an interjection is used as an independent part of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence. There was an “au” sound in the distance (N. Nekrasov) - “ay” is equal in meaning to the noun “cry” and is the subject. Tatyana ah! and he roars . (A. Pushkin) - the interjection “ah” is used in the meaning of the verb “gasp” and is a predicate.
We need to differentiate!
It should be distinguished from interjections onomatopoeic words. They convey various sounds live and inanimate nature: person ( hee hee, ha ha ), animals ( meow-meow, crow ), items ( tick-tock, ding-ding, clap, boom-boom ). Unlike interjections, onomatopoeic words do not express emotions, feelings, or motives. Onomatopoeic words usually consist of one syllable (bul, woof, drip) or repeated syllables (gul-bul, woof-woof, drip-drip - written with a hyphen).
From onomatopoeic words, words of other parts of speech are formed: meow, meow, gurgle, gurgle, giggle, giggle, etc. In a sentence, onomatopoeic words, like interjections, can be used in the meaning of independent parts of speech and be members of a sentence. The whole capital shook, and the girl hee-hee-hee yes ha-ha-ha (A. Pushkin) - “hee-hee-hee” and “ha-ha-ha” are equal in meaning to the verbs “laughed, laughed” and are predicates.
10th grade
"An unfortunate misunderstanding"
or Interjections
Lesson objectives: to awaken students' interest in interjections, to teach the appropriate use of interjections in speech, to form an attentive and thoughtful attitude to ongoing linguistic processes, and the ability to analyze linguistic phenomena.
PROGRESS OF THE LESSON
Teacher's opening speech.
Interjections are the least studied class of words in the modern Russian language. Academician L.V. Shcherba called the interjection “an unclear and foggy category”, “an unfortunate misunderstanding,” meaning the confusion of views on this part of speech. In the history of the study of interjections, two opposing concepts can be distinguished. The first concept is associated with the name M.V. Lomonosov. It was she who laid the foundation for the scientific interpretation of interjections. A.Kh. subsequently worked in this direction. Vostokov, F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Shakhmatov, V.V. Vinogradov. These scientists consider interjections to be words, recognize these words part of speech, study their structure, functions in speech, history of education. Academician V.V. made a great contribution to the study of interjections. Vinogradov. He believed that the study of interjections is important in terms of studying the syntax of living oral speech. The originality of interjections by V.V. Vinogradov saw that they serve as a subjective means of expressing emotions, feelings and are functionally close to different classes of words, occupying a special place in the system of parts of speech: this is neither a significant nor an auxiliary part of speech.
N.I. Grech, D.N. Kudryavsky, D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A.M. Peshkovsky are supporters of the opposite concept, who do not consider interjections to be words and exclude them from parts of speech.
In the school course of the Russian language, interjections are considered as a special part of speech.
Updating basic knowledge.
– What is the name of the section of grammar in which words are studied as parts of speech? (Morphology.)
– What does the concept mean? parts of speech? (Parts of speech are the main lexical and grammatical categories into which words of a language are distributed based on certain characteristics.)
– What are these signs? (Firstly, this is a semantic attribute (generalized meaning of an object, action, state, attribute, etc.); secondly, morphological characteristics(morphological categories of words); thirdly, syntactic features (syntactic functions of the word).)
– What two groups are parts of speech divided into? (Parts of speech are divided into independent (significant) and auxiliary.)
– Which part of speech occupies a special place, not relating to either independent parts of speech or auxiliary ones? (This is an interjection. Interjections do not name objects, signs, or actions and do not serve to connect words. They convey our feelings.)
Studying the topic of the lesson.
- So, what is an interjection? (An interjection is a part of speech that includes sound complexes that serve to express feelings and volitional impulses. Interjections are on the periphery of the grammatical and lexical systems of the language and differ significantly from both independent and auxiliary parts of speech in their semantic, morphological and syntactic features.)
– How do you understand the expression sound complexes? (An interjection is a class of grammatically unchangeable words and phrases, which is why the concept uses the expression sound complexes.)
– So, interjections are devoid of nominative meaning. However, Academician V.V. Vinogradov noted that interjections “have a semantic content realized by the collective.” How do you understand the words of V.V. Vinogradova? (This means that each interjection expresses certain feelings and emotions, which, with the support of intonation, facial expressions and gestures, are understandable to both the speaker and the listener. For example, an interjection fi expresses contempt, disgust (Fee, what disgusting!), interjection ugh expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust (Ugh, I'm tired of it!), interjection hey expresses disbelief, ridicule (Hey, how tired of you!).)
– Right. The attachment of a certain content to one or another interjection is convincingly expressed in M. Tsvetaeva’s poem “Rumor”:
More powerful than an organ and louder than a tambourine
Word of mouth - and one for everyone:
Oh - when it’s difficult and ah - when it’s wonderful,
But it’s not given - oh!
What is the difference between interjections and functional parts of speech? (Unlike conjunctions, interjections do not perform the function of connecting sentence members or parts of a complex sentence. Unlike prepositions, they do not express the dependence of one word on another. Unlike particles, they do not add additional semantic shades to words or sentences.)
– Name the morphological and syntactic features of interjections. (From a morphological point of view, interjections are lexical units that do not have inflectional forms. The main syntactic feature of interjections is that they do not interact with other words in a sentence, but can act as independent sentences. As part of a sentence, interjections always remain separately, which is emphasized by placing a comma or exclamation point on the letter.)
– Analyze the following two groups of interjections: ah, eh, oh, ha; Fathers, that's it, however. What do you think: what is their difference? (The first group of interjections are non-derivative lexemes, and the second are derivatives, i.e. formed on the basis of other parts of speech.)
– Give linguistic commentary to the following examples:
1) oh, oh, oh; well, well;
2) wow, ege-ge;
3) ooh-ho-ho;
4) wow, wow, come on.
1) Repetitions are an important grammatical means of forming interjections.
2) The repetition may be incomplete.
3) In the first part of the interjection, there may be a reversal of the vowel and consonant.
4) Individual interjections can be combined with a pronominal you, imperative plural ending those, with a verb particle -ka.)
– What phonetic features of interjections are evidenced by the following examples: yeah, wow, shoo, kys-kys, um, shh, whoa. (In interjections yeah, wow pronounced alien to the literary language [] fricative. In interjections shoo, kys-kys there is a combination alien to the Russian language ky. In interjections hmm, shh there are no vowel sounds. In interjection Whoa there is a combination of three consonants.)
– Although interjections occupy a separate position in the language system, they retain a connection with other elements of this system. How does this manifest itself? Give examples. (Interjections can arise on the basis of significant and function words. And on the basis of interjections significant words can be formed: gasp, akanye, gasp, nook, nook etc.)
– According to semantics, scientists distinguish two categories of interjections. Try dividing the interjections below into two groups and establishing a certain pattern: bis, oh, ah, damn, ba, oh, wow, down, bravo, brr, march, let's go, fie, hurray, fathers, hello, Lord, shh, fi, away. (Interjections oh, ah, oh, wow, ah, ugh, fathers, Lord, phi, damn, bravo, hurray, brr, ba express various emotions, both positive and negative, and serve to identify a person’s attitude to reality and to the speech of the interlocutor.
Interjections bis, down, march, let's go, hello, shh, away express various types and shades of motivation to action.)
- Right. Interjections belonging to the first group are emotional interjections; those belonging to the second group are motivating interjections. Incentive interjections also have other names: imperative, imperative. Try comparing two emotional interjections: Ouch And ba. (Interjection ba unambiguous, but interjection Ouch ambiguous. Depending on the situation of speech and intonation, the interjection Ouch can express a complex range of feelings: pain, fear, surprise, admiration, regret, warning, grief, joy. Interjection ba expresses surprise.)
– Determine which category the following interjections belong to: That's enough, well, let's go, march. (These are incentive interjections.)
– Try to guess whether the same interjection can express both emotion and motivation. Try to include interjection in various speech situations Well.(Yes, it can. Well, get out of here! Well, flowers! In the first example, the interjection expresses motivation, in the second - surprise, admiration.)
– Some linguists identify well-known sound complexes as a special category of interjections – etiquette ones: hello, goodbye, thank you, goodbye, good night, happy holidays, good health, all the best etc. The main argument of these scientists: these sound complexes convey the corresponding content in the most general, undivided form. Let's try to challenge this point of view. Let's start by thinking about whether these expressions have the semantics inherent in interjections. (These sound complexes do not express feelings and motives, which means they do not have the semantics inherent in interjections.
The main feature of interjections is the absence of a nominative meaning. Expressions of the same type see you, all the best, good night, good morning retain the direct nominative meanings of their components.
Expressions goodbye (those), forgive (those), sorry (those), hello (those) are verbs in the imperative mood. Only in special cases, for example, the word Hello expresses surprise, dissatisfaction:
– I won’t go to the cinema today.
- Hello, you promised.
Let's take the floor Sorry). This word can express protest or disagreement: Should I go to the store again? No, sorry.)
- Well done! And now I will name several verbal complexes. You've certainly heard them: Lord my God, Mother Queen of Heaven, please tell me... What do they express? (Feelings and emotions.)
– Scientists note their structural division, phraseology, and semantic integrity. Try to continue this series of examples. (My father, my God, the devil knows what, that’s it, it’s a waste of time, that’s a miracle, damn it, pray tell, that’s a pound, etc.)
– Make up sentences using these examples.
Prove that interjections serve the purpose of saving linguistic resources. (For example, you did not expect to see or meet your friend in some place. Surprise about this can be expressed in sentences: And are you here?, How did you get here? You didn't intend to come here. Who do I see?!, or maybe with one interjection: Bah!
You can call for silence and calm down with the following sentences: Quiet please, I can't hear anything or maybe with one interjection: Shh!)
Practical part of the lesson.
Task 1. Vocabulary dictation crossword puzzle on the topic “Feelings”. The teacher reads the lexical meaning of the word, students write down the word corresponding to this lexical meaning.
Supreme satisfaction, delight. – Admiration.
Feeling of strong indignation, indignation. – Anger.
The impression of something unexpected and strange, incomprehensible. – Astonishment.
A state of doubt, hesitation due to the inability to understand what is going on. – Confusion.
Feeling of irritation, displeasure due to failure, resentment. – Annoyance.
A feeling of annoyance caused by the well-being or success of another. – Envy.
A feeling of joy from pleasant sensations, experiences, thoughts. – Pleasure.
A strong objection to something. – Protest.
Expression of disapproval, condemnation. – Condemnation.
Task 2 . Insert suitable interjections into the table opposite the indicated values. Students were given sheets of paper with a table in which the second and fourth columns were not filled in. Interjections to choose from: ehma, chur, uh, fu, uf, oh, sha, chu, uh, uh, hy, chick, eh. Come up with examples of using interjections in speech.
Upon completion of the work, the table will look like this.
| No. | Interjection | Expressed interjection meaning |
Examples use in speech |
| 1 | Sha | An exclamation meaning “it’s time to end, that’s enough” | Let's run - and sha! |
| 2 | Hey | Expresses distrust and ridicule | Hey, what did you want! |
| 3 | Chu | Expresses a call to pay attention to a low, unclear or distant sound | Chu! Something crackled in the garden. |
| 4 | E | Expresses bewilderment, surprise, distrust and other various feelings | Eh, how did you end up here? Eh, I don't agree. |
| 5 | Wow | Expresses surprise, appreciation, admiration and other similar feelings | Wow, fidget! Wow, you'll get it from your grandmother! |
| 6 | Chur | 1. An exclamation that demands compliance with some condition. 2. An exclamation (usually in children's games), which is forbidden to touch something or go beyond some limit. | Just don't touch me! It's not me! |
| 7 | U | Expresses reproach or threat, as well as surprise, fear and other emotions | Wow, how tanned you are! Ooh, shameless! |
| 8 | Tsyts | A shout expressing a prohibition, an order to stop something or be silent | Tsits, Valentin! |
| 9 | Eh | Expresses regret, reproach, concern | Eh, what can I tell you after everything! |
| 10 | Ugh | Expresses tiredness, weariness, or relief | Phew, how hard! |
| 11 | Ehma | Expresses regret, surprise, determination and other similar feelings | Ehma, I didn't expect this. |
| 12 | Ugh | Expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust | Ugh, I'm tired of it! |
| 13 | Oh | Expresses regret, sadness, pain and other feelings | Oh, I can't stand it anymore! |
Task 3. Determine the part-speech affiliation of the highlighted words. Justify your answer.
1) AND I won't give you a penny. 2) AND, full! 3) Hopes arose And he became cheerful again.
1) Write with a pen, A not with a pencil. 2) A, Gotcha! 3) Let's go for a walk, A?
Task 4. In offer Hurt! try inserting various interjections.
(Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts!)
Task 5. Make a linguistic commentary on the following examples: Come on, come on, let's go to the river, go to the room.
Many motivating interjections are close to forms of the imperative mood; this closeness is confirmed by the fact that interjections can acquire a plural indicator -those(completeness). Interjections can be combined with a particle -ka(here we go) able to manipulate other words (come on, go to the river, go to the room).
Task 6. Remember proverbs that contain interjections.
It’s too much for one to give it to anyone.
Ay-ay, the month of May is warm but cold.
Oh, oh, but there’s nothing to help with.
Oh, what melancholy! I wouldn’t let go of a piece of food, I would eat everything and sing songs.
Oh-ho-ho-ho-honnyushki, it’s bad for Afonushka to live.
Task 7. Determine what syntactic functions interjections perform in the following sentences. Comment on your answer.
2) If the guy in the mountains doesn’t Oh, if you immediately become limp and down, step onto the glacier and wilt... (V. Vysotsky)
3) All these hee hee, ha ha, singing, cowardly talk - an abomination! (A. Tolstoy)
4) He could not remain silent, could not smile condescendingly or get away with his disgusting "A!"– he had to say something. (Yu. Kazakov)
5) What happened to the people - ah-ah! (D. Furmanov)
Answer. The interjection is not syntactically related to other elements of the sentence. But in these examples, interjections act as various members of the sentence. Examples 1, 2 – predicate, example 3 – subject, example 4 – object, example 5 – adverbial. If the interjection acts as a subject and an object (examples 3, 4), then it gains the ability to have a definition.
Task 8. Linguistic scientists distinguish three groups of interjections among emotional ones:
a) interjections expressing satisfaction - approval, pleasure, joy, admiration, etc., a positive assessment of the facts of reality;
b) interjections expressing dissatisfaction - reproach, censure, protest, annoyance, anger, anger, etc., a negative assessment of the facts of reality;
c) interjections expressing surprise, bewilderment, fear, doubt, etc.
Try to give as many examples as possible for each group of interjections.
A) Aha!, ay!, ah!, bravo!, oh!, hurray! etc.;
b) a!, ah!, here's another!, brr!, fie!, fu!, eh! etc.;
V) bah!, fathers!, mothers!, well, well!, so cranberry!, just think!, alas!, hmm! etc.
The same interjections, depending on the expression of emotions, are included in different groups. These are interjections a!, ah!, ay!, oh!, oh!, fu!, eh! etc.
Find interjections in the following sentences and determine their belonging to one group or another.
1) Someone, driving her, said over her ear: “Oh, my eyes!” (A. Tolstoy)
2) Oh, turn them back! – the nervous lady moaned. - Ugh, how stupid you all are! (A. Kuprin)
3) Fathers! – the thin one was amazed. - Misha! Childhood friend! (A. Chekhov)
4) Panteley Prokofievich busily looked at the black head sticking out of the heap of diapers, and not without pride certified: “Our blood... Ek-hm. Look!" (M. Sholokhov)
5) - That's it! – Romashov widened his eyes and sat down slightly. (A. Kuprin)
Sentences 1, 4 – interjections ah, ek-um express satisfaction (admiration, pleasure) - which means they belong to the first group.
Sentence 2 – interjections ah, ugh express dissatisfaction (annoyance, anger, anger) - therefore, they belong to the second group.
Sentences 3, 5 – interjections fathers, just like that express surprise and bewilderment, therefore they belong to the third group.
Task 9. Read the interjections: ay!, let's go!, scatter!, hello!, hey!, hop!, out!, but!, guard!, shh!, well!, chick!, choo!, shh! What are these interjections? Try grouping them. What do you think: is this possible?
Incentive (imperative). These interjections can be combined into two groups: interjections expressing a command, an order, a call to some action, etc. (come on!, scatter!, hop!, out!, but!, shh!, well!, chick!, chu!, shh!), and interjections expressing a call to respond, serving as a means of attracting attention, etc. (ay!, hello!, guard!, hey!).
Determine what the interjections in the following sentences express.
1) – Don’t play! - the elders waved to the musicians. - Shh... Yegor Nilych is sleeping. (A. Chekhov)
2) – Guard! They're cutting! - he shouted. (A. Chekhov)
3) Guys! It's so warm, let's go for a swim. (Vs. Ivanov)
4) – Hey! - Grigoriev shouted and waved. The cart turned into a field road and soon arrived. (V. Ketlinskaya)
5) “Well,” I said, “tell me what you need?” (K. Paustovsky)
In examples 2, 4, interjections express a call to respond and serve as a means of attracting attention. In examples 1, 3, 5, interjections express a call to some action.
Task 10. Match the following examples: Well, ball! Well, Famusov! He knew how to name guests.(A. Griboyedov). Rewrite! Quickly, come on!(Vs. Ivanov)
Answer. In the first example, the interjection Well! is emotional, in the second – motivating.
Answer. Interjections are widely used in colloquial and artistic speech. They serve as a means of conveying a person’s varied feelings and his attitude to the facts of reality. In addition, in the works fiction they enhance the emotionality of the statement. Often interjections seem to absorb the meaning of several words, which increases the laconicism of the phrase, for example: Let it not succeed, let nothing come of it, nothing. If it succeeds - Wow! (D. Furmanov) The use of interjections conveys the characteristics of lively speech, rich in emotions, gives the text liveliness, ease, and expression. Interjections play important role in the character description.
Task 12. Have you all read the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". Why do you think Repetilov’s speech is full of interjections?
Repetilov, as follows from his own words, is only capable of “making noise.” His empty enthusiasm naturally results in exclamations interspersed with interjections. (Oh! Meet him; Oh! Marvel!; ...Ah! Skalozub, my soul...)
Remember the famous Ellochka Shchukina from the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov “The Twelve Chairs”. How many interjections does her vocabulary include? What does this indicate?
Answer. Ellochka easily managed thirty words, of which three were interjections. (ho-ho!, big deal!, wow!). This indicates the character's linguistic and mental wretchedness.
Task 13. Comment on punctuation marks. Students receive a table consisting of two columns. The first column contains examples. The second column is empty. In the second column, students write a comment.
| Examples |
An interjection is a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and motives. Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech.
Examples of interjections: au, ah, oh, well, ah-ah, alas.
Interjections can express various feelings and moods: delight, joy, surprise, fear, etc. Examples: ah, ah, ba, o, oh, eh, alas, hurray, fu, fi, fie, etc. Interjections can express various motives: the desire to drive out, stop talking, encourage speech, action, etc. Examples: out, shh, tsits, well, well, well, hey, scat, etc. Interjections are widely used in conversational style. In works of fiction, interjections are usually found in dialogues. Do not confuse interjections with onomatopoeic words (meow, knock-knock, ha-ha-ha, ding-ding, etc.).
Morphological characteristics
Interjections can be derived or non-derivative. Derivatives were formed from independent parts of speech: Drop it! Sorry! Fathers! Horror! etc. Compare: Fathers! My God! (interjection) - Fathers in service (noun). Non-derivative interjections - a, e, u, ah, eh, well, alas, fu, etc.
Interjections do not change.
Examples of interjections
Oh, my head is burning, all my blood is in excitement (A. Griboyedov).
Ay, guys, sing, just build the harp (M. Lermontov).
Bah! All familiar faces (A. Griboyedov).
Alas, he does not seek happiness and does not run from happiness (M. Lermontov).
Well, master,” the coachman shouted, “trouble: a snowstorm!” (A. Pushkin).
Hey, coachman, look: what’s that black thing there? (A. Pushkin).
Well, well, Savelich! That's enough, let's make peace, it's my fault (A. Pushkin).
And there, there: this is a cloud (A. Pushkin).
Syntactic role
Interjections are not parts of sentences. However, sometimes interjections are used in the meaning of other parts of speech - they take on a specific lexical meaning and become a part of the sentence:
Oh honey! (A. Pushkin) - the word “ah yes” in the meaning of the definition.
Then there was an “ay!” in the distance (N. Nekrasov) - the word “ay” in the meaning of the subject.
Morphological analysis
For a part of speech interjection morphological analysis is not being done.
Interjection is a part of the Russian language that expresses motives, feelings and emotions, but does not name them. Like auxiliary parts of speech, interjections do not change.
Are not interjections the following words:
- onomatopoeic(imitating ordinary sounds and sounds made by birds, animals or insects): knock-knock, woof-woof, chirp-tweet.
Indicating instant actions: stomp, slap, jump.
Types of interjections.
Interjections vary in composition, origin and meaning.
According to the composition of the interjection there are:
- Simple interjections- consisting of one word: great, wow, bravo;
- Compound interjections- consisting of two or more words: wow, there you go, pray tell;
- Complex interjections- consisting of two or more bases: Ay-ay-ay, oh-oh-oh.
By origin distinguish:
- Derivative interjections- formed from other words and phrases ( syntactic constructions): come on, just think, pipes, pray tell etc.
- Non-derivative interjections- first-born, having no genetic connections with other parts of speech: oh, ah, uh etc.
- Borrowed interjections- interjections that came into the Russian language from other languages: bravo, that's it, guard, wow etc.
By value distinguish:
- Incentive interjections: hey, come on, chick, but-but, bye-bye and others.
- Emotional Interjections: great, bravo, wow etc.
- Etiquette interjections: hello, please be kind, goodbye, thank you and others.
The syntactic role of interjections.
Usually interjections are not part of the sentence. But when interjections act as other parts of speech in a sentence, they take their place among the members of that sentence. Let's take a look what parts of a sentence can an interjection be used in?, replacing other parts of speech:
- An endless “ow” came in response from the darkness. In this sentence “ay” replaces the noun and acts as subject.
- Hey girl! In this sentence, the interjection “ah yes” replaces the adjective, therefore it acts as definitions(what girl?).
Interjections and punctuation marks.
Consider the following Rules for placing punctuation marks for interjections:
- Exclamatory interjections are marked with an exclamation mark if pronounced with pronounced intonation: Ba! Who came to us! Yeah! Gotcha!
- The same exclamatory interjections can be separated by commas if pronounced with normal intonation: Oh, something squeezed in my chest! Ba, how smart!
- Also, onomatopoeic words and imperative interjections are highlighted with a comma or exclamation mark: Stop! The passage is closed! - Stop, car! Knock knock! Can I come to you? - Ay, is anyone alive?
- Interjective expressions expressing the author’s attitude to the facts expressed are also separated by commas: Fortunately, the injury was not serious. To my joy, Mom answered the phone call.
How to distinguish interjection from particles?
Some interjections may have homonyms, which are spelled the same way but are actually particles used to enhance the emotional tone of the sentence. How to distinguish interjections oh, ah, oh, well and others from homonymous particles?
1) The particle “o” is usually used in addresses and exclamatory sentences before the words “yes” or no”: Oh yes, this is what you need!(compare with interjection: Oh, how beautiful this day is!)
2) The particle “well” is used in sentences with an intensifying meaning: Well, how you have grown, my boy!(compare with interjection: Well, are we going for a walk or not?)
3) The particle “ah” is most often used with personal pronouns: Oh, you cunning fox face!(compare with interjection: Oh, how beautiful this garden is!)
In cases where we are faced with not an interjection, but a particle, commas are not used. Interjections in a sentence are always marked with punctuation. Exceptions are the phrases: “oh you”, “wow”, “oh yes”, “oh you”, “oh and”, etc.
