The role of Alexander Mikhailovich in the Tver uprising. Anti-Horde uprising in Tver
The Tver uprising took place many centuries ago. However, the memory of him has survived to this day. Many historians still argue about the results, goals and consequences of the uprising. The rebellion was widely described in various chronicles and stories. The suppression of the rebellion became the basis for the creation of a new hierarchy in Rus'. From now on, Moscow became the new political center. It was also possible to observe the leveling of cultural differences in the isolated lands in the south of Rus'.
Prerequisites
The Tver uprising of 1327 was a consequence of the dissatisfaction of the population of Rus' with the oppression of the Mongol yoke. In just under 100 years, the first hordes of invaders set foot on Russian soil. Before this, the Mongols had conquered many nations and finally decided to invade Europe. The Mongols themselves were a relatively small people and led a nomadic lifestyle. Therefore, the basis of their army was made up of soldiers from other nations and tribes. With the conquest of modern Siberia, the Tatar khans began to play a huge role in the hierarchy of the empire.
In the 1230s, preparations began for the campaign against Rus'. The Mongols chose an extremely fortunate time for themselves. By the beginning of the 13th century, the State was fully formed and was severely divided. Feudal fiefs - principalities - pursued independent policies, often at odds with each other. Therefore, the Mongol hordes decided to launch a systematic invasion. At first, several detachments were sent, the main purpose of which was to obtain information about life in Europe, the terrain, troops, and the political situation. In 1235, the Mongols gathered at a gathering of the Chingizids and decided to attack. A year later, countless hordes stood at the borders of Rus' in the steppes, awaiting orders. The invasion began in the fall.
Fall of Rus'
The Russian princes were never able to consolidate to repel the enemy. Moreover, many wanted to take advantage of their neighbor's misfortune to strengthen power in the region. As a result, the principalities were left alone with an enemy many times superior. In the first years, southern Rus' was almost completely devastated. And over the next five they all fell major cities. The militia and trained squads fought fiercely in every fortress, but in the end they were all defeated. Rus' became dependent on the Golden Horde.
From then on, each prince was obliged to receive a label to reign from the Horde. At the same time, the Mongols participated in almost all civil strife and important political events. Russian cities were obliged to pay tribute. At the same time, the principalities retained some independence. And even under these conditions, fierce rivalry continued. The main cultural and political centers were Moscow and Tver. The Tver uprising played a decisive role in the relationship between these principalities.
New Prince
The Tver uprising is often associated with Prince Alexander Mikhailovich. In 1236 he receives from the Mongols. Alexander lived in Tver, in his palace. However, the following autumn Chol Khan arrived in the city and decided to settle here.
He kicked the Grand Duke out of the palace and settled in it himself. The Tatars, who were far from civilization, immediately caused a wave of indignation among local residents. Tatar officers enjoyed privileges and behaved arrogantly. They appropriated other people's property without asking and committed other atrocities. At the same time, a conflict arose on religious grounds. Chronicles have brought down to this day stories of oppression of Christians and atrocities.
The local population loved Prince Alexander Mikhailovich and often turned to him for help. People proposed to rebel against the Tatars and expel them from the principality. However, the prince himself understood the futility of such a decision. A huge army would inevitably come to the aid of the Horde, and the Tver uprising would be brutally suppressed.
Popular discontent
In the summer, rumors began to spread about Chol Khan's plans to usurp power in the principality and convert all Russians to Islam. Moreover, people said that all this should happen on the great feast of the Assumption, which added to the drama. These rumors may not have been true, but they were a natural reaction to the oppression of Christians. It was they who catalyzed hatred among the people, thanks to which the Tver Uprising of 1327 occurred. The prince initially persuaded the people to wait. Historians still argue about his role in these events. Some believe that it was he who started the organized rebellion, while others believe that he only later joined it. The latter is supported by the prudence of the prince, who understood that resistance without the support of other principalities would lead to even greater troubles.
The beginning of the uprising
By the end of summer, rebellious sentiments were increasingly brewing among the people. There could be a mutiny any day now. it was August 15th.
The Tatars from Chol Khan's personal guard decided to appropriate the local priest's horse. The people stood up for him, and a skirmish began. Deacon Dudko, apparently, also enjoyed the personal respect of the townspeople. And the insult to a church person angered the Russian people even more. As a result, the retinue was killed. The whole city learned about the riots. Popular anger spilled out into the streets. The Tverians rushed to destroy the Tatars and other Horde. Prince Alexander theoretically could have suppressed the rebellion on his own, but he did not do this and joined the people.
People's anger
The Tatars were beaten everywhere. The merchants were also destroyed. This confirms the national character of the uprising, and not just the religious or anti-government one. The Tatars began to flee en masse to the princely palace, where Chol Khan himself hid. By evening, the people besieged the palace and set it on fire. The khan himself and his entire retinue were burned alive. By morning there was not a single living Horde member left in Tver. This is how the Tver uprising took place (1327). The prince understood that it was not enough to simply destroy the Tatars. Therefore, I began preparations for leaving Tver.
Moscow
After a short time, all of Rus' learned that the Tver Uprising had occurred (1327). Moscow Prince Kalita saw a benefit in this. It has long been competing with Tver for supremacy.
Therefore, I decided to strike and change the distribution of influence in my favor. In a short time he gathered an army. He allocated fifty thousand people and his subjects to help him. The journey to the south began. A short time later, the united Moscow and Tatar troops invaded the principality. The punitive detachment acted very cruelly. Villages and cities burned, peasants were killed. Many were taken prisoner. Almost all settlements were destroyed.
Alexander Mikhailovich understood that under no circumstances could he withstand such an army. Therefore, trying to somehow alleviate the plight of the Tver residents, he fled with his retinue from the city. After some time he reached Novgorod. However, the Horde and Muscovites overtook him there too. The Prince of Novgorod gave a large ransom and gifts so that his possessions would not suffer the same fate. And Alexander fled to Pskov. Ivan Kalita demanded the extradition of the rebel. Acting on the instructions of Moscow, he announced that he was excommunicating the Pskovites from the church. The residents themselves loved the prince very much. Ambassadors arrived in the city and offered Alexander to surrender. He was ready to sacrifice himself for the peace of others. However, the Pskovites declared that they were ready to fight and die with Alexander if necessary.
Flight to Lithuania
Understanding the danger of the situation and knowing what fate would befall Pskov in the event of an invasion, Alexander Mikhailovich still did not linger here. He goes to Lithuania. After long journeys He nevertheless concludes a truce with Khan Uzbek and returns to Tver. But Ivan Kalita doesn’t like this. The Moscow prince had already extended his influence to many lands and saw a new threat in Tver. Alexandra was very loved by the people. He often reproached other princes and boyars for inaction, proposing to raise a general rebellion against the khan for Christian land. Although he did not have a huge army, the word of Alexander Mikhailovich was very authoritative.
However, after a series of conspiracies and intrigues, he is again captured by the Tatars. A month later, Prince Alexander Mikhailovich was sentenced to death. He met his fate with enviable dignity and, as the chronicles say, “with his head held high, he went to meet his murderers.”
Many years after his death, the church canonized the prince and declared him a holy martyr for the faith.
Tver uprising of 1327: significance
The uprising in Tver was one of the first rebellions against the Horde. It exposed the obvious problems of Rus' and gave an understanding of the political situation. Competing among themselves, the Orthodox princes were not able to unite in the face of a common enemy. It is also very important folk character uprisings During these difficult years, Russian identity and Christian brotherhood were forged. The example of the Tver people will inspire many subsequent uprisings. And only after decades will Rus' finally throw off the yoke of the Horde and free itself from oppression.
The Tver uprising is extremely important in terms of the distribution of influence of individual principalities. It was at this moment that Moscow, thanks to the efforts of Kalita, became the most powerful city and spread its influence far beyond the borders of its land. These were the first prerequisites for the creation of the Muscovite kingdom, which can be considered the first example of Russian statehood in the form in which it exists now.
Tver uprising (1327): results
Despite all the disasters, the participation of Muscovites in suppressing the uprising made it possible to bring significant calm to Russian soil. Also, the Horde people were henceforth more cautious and no longer allowed themselves the previous atrocities.
The Tver uprising of 1327 was reflected in many folk songs and tales. There are also records about him in various chronicles. The bloody events were described by a famous writer in his novel “The Great Table”.
Revolt against the Mongol-Tatars in Tver (1327)
Revolt against the Mongol-Tatars in Tver (1327)
The Tver uprising of 1327 is the first major uprising of the Russian people against the Mongol-Tatar yoke. It was very harshly suppressed by the Golden Horde, but led to an actual redistribution of forces to the side of Moscow, drawing a line under a quarter of a century of rivalry between Tver and Moscow for supremacy in the lands of North-Eastern Rus'. The most detailed description We can find these events in the Rogozh and Tver collections of chronicles.
In the fall of 1236, Alexander Mikhailovich (prince of Tver) received from the Mongol Khan Uzbek a label to reign in Vladimir. About a year later, Shevkal (Shchelkan), who is Uzbek’s cousin, comes to Tver. He settles in the princely palace, expels Alexander from there and begins persecutions, robberies and beatings of the Christian people. There is also a rumor in the city that Shchelkan has a plan to kill all the princes and rule Tver personally, converting the Russian residents of the city to Islam, which was supposed to happen on the Assumption. As the chronicle tells us, the gathered residents came to Alexander asking for reprisals against the Mongols, but he persuaded them to endure.
But on the fifteenth of August an uprising suddenly broke out, which began with the fact that the Tatars from Shchelkan’s retinue tried to take away the mare of Deacon Dudko. Outraged residents stood up for the deacon, after which they began to beat the Tatars throughout the city. Cholkhan and his retinue were burned in the palace. The people killed all the Tatars who were in Tver, including the so-called “bessermen”, who were Horde merchants. Some of the chronicles expose him as the instigator of this uprising, but historians refute this. However, the prince did not prevent the unrest.
Ivan Kalita (Prince of Moscow), a longtime rival of the Tver principality for the grand princely throne, quickly took advantage of the uprising in Tver to assert his own supremacy in the Russian land. He goes to the Horde and volunteers to help the Mongols completely restore power over Russia. At the same time, if successful, the khan undertakes to make Kalita the Grand Duke and give him fifty thousand warriors led by five temniks. The forces of Alexander Suzdal joined this Horde-Moscow army, and among the people this campaign was commonly called “Fedorchuk’s Army.”
The Prince of Tver fled to Novgorod, and then Pskov. Novgorod was able to buy off Kalita.
The most detailed account of the events of 1327 is contained in the Tver collection and the Rogozh chronicler.
Shchelkanovshchina
Fedorchukov's army
After the death of Alexander Vasilyevich in or 1332, Nizhny and Gorodets returned to the great reign for about a decade, and Ivan Kalita became the sole ruler of North-Eastern Rus'. The policy of centralization based on the khan led to the rapid rise of Moscow at the expense of Tver. The Tver reign no longer posed a real threat to Moscow. The main rivalry was with the princes of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod.
Fedorchukov's army is the last case when a khan by force achieved the removal of a Grand Duke he did not like. After the success of joint Horde-Moscow actions to suppress the anti-Horde rebellion, the policy of the Moscow-Tatar alliance led to a weakening of the internecine struggle and brought a certain calm to Rus'. The presence of Moscow rulers on the grand-ducal table was interrupted only during the childhood of Dmitry Donskoy (1360-63) by his future father-in-law Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal.
In literature
- An ancient Russian folk song about Shchelkan Dudentievich has been preserved, which quite accurately conveys the events of those years.
- Dmitry Balashov describes the Tver uprising in his novel The Great Table.
See also
- The Smolensk uprising (1340) is another anti-Horde uprising, jointly suppressed by Muscovites and Tatars.
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Notes
Literature
- Karamzin N. M. . - St. Petersburg. : Type. N. Grecha, 1816-1829.
An excerpt characterizing the Tver uprising
Natasha, without moving or breathing, looked out from her ambush with shining heads. “What will happen now”? she thought.- Sonya! I don't need the whole world! “You alone are everything to me,” Nikolai said. - I'll prove it to you.
“I don’t like it when you talk like that.”
- Well, I won’t, I’m sorry, Sonya! “He pulled her towards him and kissed her.
“Oh, how good!” thought Natasha, and when Sonya and Nikolai left the room, she followed them and called Boris to her.
“Boris, come here,” she said with a significant and cunning look. – I need to tell you one thing. Here, here,” she said and led him into the flower shop to the place between the tubs where she was hidden. Boris, smiling, followed her.
– What is this one thing? – he asked.
She was embarrassed, looked around her and, seeing her doll abandoned on the tub, took it in her hands.
“Kiss the doll,” she said.
Boris looked into her lively face with an attentive, affectionate gaze and did not answer.
- Don't want to? Well, come here,” she said and went deeper into the flowers and threw the doll. - Closer, closer! - she whispered. She caught the officer's cuffs with her hands, and solemnity and fear were visible in her reddened face.
- Do you want to kiss me? – she whispered barely audibly, looking at him from under her brows, smiling and almost crying with excitement.
Boris blushed.
- How funny you are! - he said, bending over to her, blushing even more, but doing nothing and waiting.
She suddenly jumped up on the tub so that she stood taller than him, hugged him with both arms so that her thin bare arms bent above his neck and, moving her hair back with a movement of her head, kissed him right on the lips.
She slipped between the pots to the other side of the flowers and, lowering her head, stopped.
“Natasha,” he said, “you know that I love you, but...
-Are you in love with me? – Natasha interrupted him.
- Yes, I’m in love, but please, let’s not do what we’re doing now... Four more years... Then I’ll ask for your hand.
Natasha thought.
“Thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen...” she said, counting with her thin fingers. - Fine! So it's over?
And a smile of joy and peace lit up her lively face.
- It's over! - said Boris.
- Forever? - said the girl. - Until death?
And, taking his arm, with a happy face, she quietly walked next to him into the sofa.
The countess was so tired of the visits that she did not order to receive anyone else, and the doorman was only ordered to invite everyone who would still come with congratulations to eat. The Countess wanted to talk privately with her childhood friend, Princess Anna Mikhailovna, whom she had not seen well since her arrival from St. Petersburg. Anna Mikhailovna, with her tear-stained and pleasant face, moved closer to the countess’s chair.
“I’ll be completely frank with you,” said Anna Mikhailovna. – There are very few of us left, old friends! This is why I value your friendship so much.
Anna Mikhailovna looked at Vera and stopped. The Countess shook hands with her friend.
“Vera,” said the countess, addressing her eldest daughter, obviously unloved. - How come you have no idea about anything? Don't you feel like you're out of place here? Go to your sisters, or...
Beautiful Vera smiled contemptuously, apparently not feeling the slightest insult.
“If you had told me long ago, mamma, I would have left immediately,” she said, and went to her room.
But, passing by the sofa, she noticed that there were two couples sitting symmetrically at two windows. She stopped and smiled contemptuously. Sonya sat close to Nikolai, who was copying out poems for her that he had written for the first time. Boris and Natasha were sitting at another window and fell silent when Vera entered. Sonya and Natasha looked at Vera with guilty and happy faces.
It was fun and touching to look at these girls in love, but the sight of them, obviously, did not arouse a pleasant feeling in Vera.
“How many times have I asked you,” she said, “not to take my things, you have your own room.”
She took the inkwell from Nikolai.
“Now, now,” he said, wetting his pen.
“You know how to do everything at the wrong time,” said Vera. “Then they ran into the living room, so everyone felt ashamed of you.”
Despite the fact that, or precisely because, what she said was completely fair, no one answered her, and all four only looked at each other. She lingered in the room with the inkwell in her hand.
- And what secrets could there be at your age between Natasha and Boris and between you - they’re all just nonsense!
- Well, what do you care, Vera? – Natasha said intercedingly in a quiet voice.
She, apparently, was even more kind and affectionate to everyone than always that day.
“Very stupid,” said Vera, “I’m ashamed of you.” What are the secrets?...
- Everyone has their own secrets. We won’t touch you and Berg,” Natasha said, getting excited.
“I think you won’t touch me,” said Vera, “because there can never be anything bad in my actions.” But I’ll tell mommy how you treat Boris.
“Natalya Ilyinishna treats me very well,” said Boris. “I can't complain,” he said.
- Leave it, Boris, you are such a diplomat (the word diplomat was in great use among children in the special meaning that they attached to this word); It’s even boring,” Natasha said in an offended, trembling voice. - Why is she pestering me? You will never understand this,” she said, turning to Vera, “because you have never loved anyone; you have no heart, you are only madame de Genlis [Madame Genlis] (this nickname, considered very offensive, was given to Vera by Nikolai), and your first pleasure is to cause trouble for others. “You flirt with Berg as much as you want,” she said quickly.
- Yes, I certainly won’t start chasing a young man in front of guests...
“Well, she achieved her goal,” Nikolai intervened, “she said unpleasant things to everyone, upset everyone.” Let's go to the nursery.
All four, like a frightened flock of birds, got up and left the room.
“They told me some troubles, but I didn’t mean anything to anyone,” said Vera.
- Madame de Genlis! Madame de Genlis! - Laughing voices said from behind the door.
Beautiful Vera, who had such an irritating, unpleasant effect on everyone, smiled and, apparently unaffected by what was said to her, went to the mirror and straightened her scarf and hairstyle. Looking at your beautiful face, she apparently became even colder and calmer.
The conversation continued in the living room.
- Ah! chere,” said the countess, “and in my life tout n”est pas rose. Don’t I see that du train, que nous allons, [not everything is roses. - given our way of life,] our condition will not last long for us! And all this is a club, and its kindness. We live in the village, do we relax? Theaters, hunting and God knows what. Well, how did you arrange all this? I’m often surprised at you, Annette. You, at your age, ride in a carriage alone, to Moscow, to St. Petersburg, to all the ministers, to all the nobility, you know how to get along with everyone, I’m surprised, how did this work out? I don’t know how to do any of this.
Page 2
The Tver uprising in 1327 was one of the first protests against the Golden Horde oppression in Rus'. The Horde considered the murder of the Khan's ambassador a grave crime, and those who committed it were subject to complete extermination. The Horde began to prepare for a large punitive campaign against Tver, and perhaps throughout Northwestern Rus'.
In the same 1327, Russian princes came to Sarai on the orders of the khan. The Khan ordered the collection of a cavalry army of about 50 thousand horsemen. At the head were five “great temniks”. The chronicle brought to us the names of three of them - “Fedorchuk, Turalyk, Syuga.” After the name of the first of them, the chroniclers called this campaign of the Horde Fedorchuk’s army.
The Khan ordered the squads of Russian princes - Moscow, Suzdal and others - to go to Tver for war. The Horde could only regard evasion of reprisals against the rebels as treason against their great khan. The punitive army set out on a campaign in winter, along the frozen bed of the Volga, which allowed Ivan Danilovich and the princes of the Suzdal land to protect their possessions from the devastating actions of the Horde cavalry.
The Tver princes and their families fled the city, and the principality was covered in smoke from fires. Together with the Horde, the squads of the princes of Moscow and Suzdal region devastated this land. The chronicles of that time report surprisingly briefly on the campaign of Fedorchyuk’s army and the participation of Muscovites in the destruction of Tver. Researchers such as N.S. Borisov believe that these are perhaps traces of the work of Moscow chronicle editors of the 15th – 16th centuries, who did not want to remember such dark spots in the biography of the founder of the power of Moscow, as participation in the Tatar pogrom.
The people of Tver defended themselves desperately, but the forces were not equal. In addition to Tver, Kashin and other cities were also devastated. The Novgorodians, in whose lands the brothers of Grand Duke Alexander of Tver Konstantin and Vasily took refuge, bought off the Horde by sending envoys to them “with many gifts and 5,000 Novgorod rubles.” The army of the Golden Horde returned to the steppes, burdened with looted goods, taking with them thousands of troops.
Sarai understood that Rus' could pay huge tribute only in conditions of relative peace and order. In the summer of 1328, Russian princes were summoned to the Horde. Khan Uzbek divided the great reign: Ivan Kalita was given the Kostroma land and half of the Rostov principality. Prince Alexander Vasilyevich of Suzdal, who also took part in the campaign against Tver, got Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod. Konstantin Mikhailovich received the label for the reign of Tver, and his brother - for the Kashinsky inheritance.
The biggest victory of Ivan Danilovich during the division of the great reign was that the khan left behind him rich Novgorod, where the Moscow mayors were already sitting. The Novgorodians, who sent ambassadors to the Horde, themselves asked for the Moscow prince. In the same 1328, Khan Uzbek transferred three more huge territories with the cities of Galich, Beloozero and Uglich to the control of Moscow.
The division of the Grand Duchy in Rus' lasted in Rus' for only three years. After the death of the Suzdal prince, Uzbek Khan transferred his share into the hands of Ivan Kalita, who regularly paid tribute to the Horde. This important event in the history of Moscow happened in 1331. Now the greatness of Tver is irrevocably a thing of the past.
Having received primacy among numerous Russian princes, Ivan Danilovich called peace his most important state concern. He wanted to give Rus' peace, ensuring the creative work of townspeople and villagers, and to stop the coming of the Horde “armies”. For that time it is difficult to even imagine how difficult this task seemed.
The chronicler, reporting on the receipt of the great reign by Ivan Kalita, wrote: “And from then there was great silence for 40 years and the abominations ceased to fight the Russian land and slaughter the Christians, and the Christians rested and put in order from the great languor of many burdens, from Tatar violence, and from then there was silence great throughout the whole earth."
From 1328 to 1368, Rus' received a respite from the Horde invasions for 40 years! This respite became possible only because Ivan Kalita and his sons-heirs - Semyon the Proud and Ivan the Red - managed to ensure the full and timely payment of tribute from the Russian lands. Uzbek Khan, who ruled for 28 years, and Janibek, who replaced him, were satisfied with this and did not interfere with the strengthening of the Moscow prince.
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Shchelkanovshchina
Fedorchukov's army
After the death of Alexander Vasilyevich in or 1332, Nizhny and Gorodets returned to the great reign for about a decade, and Ivan Kalita became the sole ruler of North-Eastern Rus'. The policy of centralization based on the khan led to the rapid rise of Moscow at the expense of Tver. The Tver reign no longer posed a real threat to Moscow. The main rivalry was with the princes of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod.
Fedorchukov's army is the last case when a khan by force achieved the removal of a Grand Duke he did not like. After the success of joint Horde-Moscow actions to suppress the anti-Horde rebellion, the policy of the Moscow-Tatar alliance led to a weakening of the internecine struggle and brought a certain calm to Rus'. The presence of Moscow rulers on the grand-ducal table was interrupted only during the childhood of Dmitry Donskoy (1360-63) by his future father-in-law Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal.
In literature
- Old Russian preserved folk song about Shchelkan Dudentievich, which quite accurately conveys the events of those years.
- Dmitry Balashov describes the Tver uprising in his novel The Great Table.
See also
- Smolensk uprising (1340) - another anti-Horde uprising, jointly suppressed by Muscovites and Tatars
Notes
Categories:
- 1327
- Uprisings in Russia
- History of Tver
- Tver Principality
- Battles of the Golden Horde
- Battles of the Moscow Principality
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See what the “Tver Uprising” is in other dictionaries:
GRAND DUCHY OF TVER, grand duchy in North-Eastern Rus' (see NORTH-EASTERN Rus') 13-15 centuries; occupied the territory along the upper reaches of the Volga River and its tributaries. The capital of the Tver Principality was Tver (1246-1485). On the territory... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
Feudal State of North Eastern Rus' 13th - 15th centuries Occupied the territory along the upper reaches of the river. Volga and its tributaries. Center T. Tver (1246 1485). In T. there were the cities of Kashin, Ksnyatin, Zubtsov, Staritsa, Kholm, Mikulin, Dorogobuzh. IN… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia
