Layout of the mooring device elements on the deck. Mooring device. Load booms and cranes
The mooring device serves to ensure reliable anchorage of the vessel at the pier or near another floating structure (ship, barrel, landing stage). As a rule, the vessel, mounted side to the wall, is secured using ropes called mooring lines. Previously, only vegetable (sisal, manila, and hemp on small ships) or steel cables (having at least 144 wires and 7 cores) were used as moorings. IN lately lighter, stronger and more durable mooring lines have appeared from fibers of nylon, nylon, polypropylene and others synthetic materials. On tankers transporting 1st category petroleum products, steel cables It is permitted to use only on the decks of superstructures, if there are no pipelines for receiving and discharging cargo through them. Cables made of artificial fiber can be used on tankers only with special permission from the Register (since when such cables break, sparks from discharges are formed static electricity). The diameter of the steel cable or the circumference of the plant cable is determined according to the Register Rules depending on the dimensions of the surface part of the hull and the settings of the vessel.
Scheme of the mooring device and the location of the mooring lines when mooring with a log. 1 - windlass with mooring drums; 2 - bollard; 3 - mooring winch; 4 - mooring hawse; 5 - bale strip; 6 - mooring capstan; 7 - stern longitudinal moorings (right and left); 8 - aft clamping moorings; 9 - stern spring; 10 - nasal spring; 11 - bow mooring clamp; 12 - bow and longitudinal mooring lines (right and left)
The mooring device includes bollards, fairleads, winches and capstans.
Bollards- steel or cast iron (cast or welded) bollards for fastening mooring lines on a ship. Bollards can be single or double, straight or cross. The bollard bollard diameter must be equal to at least 10 diameters of the steel mooring line or one plant circle. For fastening steel moorings with a diameter of less than 8.4 m and plant moorings with a circumference of less than 60 mm, instead of bollards, use ducks
Mooring hawse- steel or cast iron castings with an oval hole in the bulwark to direct the mooring line to the mooring bollard installed near the fairlead (no closer than 1.5 m from it). The hawse holes have smooth rounded edges, eliminating the sharp bend of the mooring line passing through the hawse. To prevent the cable from wearing out too much due to friction when the mooring line moves against the edges of the fairlead, special fairleads are used: universal - with two pairs of vertical and horizontal cylindrical rollers, between which a mooring line is passed - and automatic (rotary) - with a cage rotating in the hawse, having two rollers, between which a mooring line is passed. On ships passing through the Panama Canal, special Panamanian hawse, welded to the deck.
In those places where there is a railing instead of a bulwark, install bales, which may be with Rolls(from 1 to 3) or without them (on small ships).
If it is impossible to carry out direct wiring of the cable from the hawse or bale strip to the mooring drum, then single rollers are installed on the deck.
To secure mooring lines on bollards they are used cable stoppers - portable mechanical clamps of block or chain type. The stoppers are attached to the bollard bollard or to the eye in its body.
Mooring winches, or spiers(steam, electric or hydraulic) are designed to pull the ship to the pier after securing mooring lines to it. For mooring operations on the forecastle, mooring drums of the anchor device mechanisms (capsule or windlass) are usually used. Special mooring mechanisms are installed in the middle part of the vessel and in the stern (on dry cargo ships, mooring drums of cargo winches are used).
There are mooring winches simple And automatic. Automatic winches used on tankers and ships for transporting bulk cargo, that is, ships whose draft changes rapidly during loading and unloading operations, which requires frequent re-mooring. If there are automatic mooring winches, releasing or retracting the mooring lines occurs automatically, since the winch maintains constant tension on the mooring cable. For winding and storing moorings, views are used - drums with high sides, which are driven into rotation manually: either using a protruding rim or by a manual gear drive.
To prevent damage to the side of the vessel when mooring to berth, especially when mooring ships to each other on the open sea in rough seas, the ships are provided with fender device.
Each vessel must have a mooring device that ensures that the vessel is pulled to shore or floating berth structures and reliable fastening ships to them. The mooring device is used to secure the vessel to the pier, the side of another vessel, roadside barrels, palams, as well as constrictions along the berths. The mooring device includes:
Mooring ropes;
Mooring hawse and guide rollers;
Bale strips (with and without rollers);
Views and banquets;
Mooring mechanisms (windlasses, capstan, winches); auxiliary devices (stoppers, fenders, brackets, throwing ends).
Rice. Mooring device
Mooring cables (ropes). Vegetable, steel and synthetic cables are used as mooring ends.
Steel cables are used less and less often, since they do not take dynamic loads well and require great physical effort when transferred from the ship to the pier. The most common on sea vessels are steel mooring lines with a diameter of 19 to 28 mm. The steel mooring lines are stored on hand lines equipped with a brake pressed by a pedal to the cheek of the drum. On large-tonnage vessels, mooring eyes with a drive are installed.
Mooring lines made from synthetic cables are widely used. They are lighter than steel and vegetable moorings of equal strength, have good flexibility, which is maintained at relatively low temperatures. It is not allowed to use synthetic cables that have not undergone antistatic treatment and do not have certificates.
To use positive qualities synthetic cables of various types, combined synthetic cables are produced. On mooring winches, where the mooring lines are steel, the part that goes ashore is made of synthetic rope in the form of a so-called “spring”.
On ships transporting flammable liquids in bulk with a vapor flash point below 60 0 C, the use of steel cables is permitted only on decks of superstructures that are not the top of cargo bulk compartments, if cargo receiving and delivery pipelines do not pass through these decks. Cables made of artificial fiber may be used on tankers only with special permission from the Register (sparks may be generated when these cables break).
For timely detection of defects, mooring lines must at least once every 6 months be subject to thorough inspection. Inspection must also be carried out after mooring in extreme conditions.
Depending on the position relative to the vessel, mooring lines are called: longitudinal, clamping, springs (bow and stern, respectively). The mooring lines at the outboard end have a loop - fire, which is thrown on the shore fell or fastened with a bracket to the eye of the mooring barrel. The other end of the cable is secured to bollards installed on the deck of the ship.
The mooring device is designed to secure a vessel to a berth, mooring barrels and beams, or to the side of another vessel. The device includes mooring ropes, bollards, fairleads, bale strips, guide rollers, views, mooring mechanisms, as well as auxiliary devices - stoppers, throwing lines, fenders, mooring shackles.
Mooring ropes (mooring lines) can be steel, vegetable and synthetic. The number of mooring ropes on the ship, their length and thickness are determined by the Register Rules.
The main mooring ropes (Fig. 1) are supplied from the bow and stern ends of the vessel in certain directions, preventing the vessel from moving along the berth and moving away from it. Depending on these directions, mooring lines got their names. Cables supplied from the bow and stern ends keep the ship from moving along the pier and are called bow, respectively. 1 and stern 2 longitudinal. A cable whose direction is opposite to its longitudinal end is called spring. Nasal 3 and stern 4 springs are used for the same purposes as longitudinal ones. Cables placed in a direction perpendicular to the pier are called bow 5 and stern 6 clamps. They prevent the ship from leaving the berth in strong winds.
Rice. 1. Mooring ropes.
Cast or welded bollards (steel and cast iron) for fastening mooring ropes. On transport ships Usually, paired bollards are installed with two bollards on a common base, which have bosses to hold the lower rope hoses, and caps that do not allow the upper hoses to jump off the bollards (Fig. 2, A). Bollards with pedestals without bosses are also installed (Fig. 2, b) and bollards with a cross (Fig. 2, V). The latter are convenient for attaching mooring cables directed from above at an angle to the deck. Bollards are installed in the bow and stern parts of the vessel, as well as on the upper deck on both sides symmetrically.
Rice. 2. Bollards.
Sometimes single-bollard bollards - bitings - are installed on transport ships (Fig. 2, G), which are used when towing. Bitens are massive bollards, the bases of which are attached to the upper deck or passed through it and attached to one of the lower decks. To better hold the cable on the bits there are spreaders.
Bollards with bollards that rotate in bearings and are equipped with a locking device are very convenient for performing mooring operations (Fig. 2, d). The mooring line fixed to the pier is placed in a figure of eight with two or three ropes on the bollard bollards, and then on the windlass head. When the cable is selected, the bollards rotate and pass the cable freely. At the right moment, remove the cable from the turret and place additional hoses on the bollard bollards. At the same time, the locking device keeps the cabinets from rotating.
devices through which mooring lines are passed from a vessel. They are steel (cast iron) castings with round holes (Fig. 3, A) or oval (Fig. 3, b) shapes bordering the same holes in the bulwark of the ship. Work surface the hawse has smooth curves, eliminating sharp bends in the mooring cables. For mooring small floating craft to the side of the ship, fairleads with tides - horns are used (Fig. 3, V). For the same purpose, in the immediate vicinity of the fairleads, cleats are welded to the bulwark or to its posts. In places where railings are made instead of a bulwark, special fairleads are fixed on the deck at the edge of the side (Fig. 3, G). To supply mooring lines, towing fairleads, firmly attached to the bow visor and stern of the vessel, are used, intended mainly for inserting towing ropes.
Rice. 3. Fairleads.
Strong friction of mooring lines on the working surfaces of hawses of these structures leads to rapid wear of cables, especially synthetic ones, which is why universal ones are widely used on ships (Fig. 3, d) and rotary universal (Fig. 3, e) hawse. A universal hawse has vertical and horizontal rollers rotating freely in bearings, forming a gap into which the cable fed to the shore is passed. Rotating one of the rollers when pulling the cable from any direction significantly reduces friction. The rotary universal hawse has a cage rotating on ball bearings in the body.
have the same purpose as mooring fairleads. They are simple in design (Fig. 4, A), with biting (Fig. 4, b), with one (Fig. 4, V) or several - two (Fig. 4, G), three (Fig. 4, d) - Rolls. To guide mooring lines supplied to high berths and ships with high sides, closed bale strips are used (Fig. 4, e). The most widely used are bale strips with rollers, the use of which significantly reduces the effort required to overcome the friction forces that arise during rope pulling.
Rice. 4. Bale strips.
To route mooring ropes from the hawse to the mooring mechanism drums, metal bollards with guide rollers are installed on the forecastle and poop decks .
Views designed for storing mooring ropes. They have locking devices. They are installed in the bow and stern of the vessel, not too far from the bollards.
Mooring mechanisms serve to pull a vessel with mooring lines in place to the pier, the side of another vessel, a mooring barrel, to pull the vessel along the berth, as well as to automatically regulate the tension of mooring cables when the water level fluctuates due to tidal phenomena or when the vessel's draft changes during cargo operations.
Ship mooring mechanisms are: windlass, anchor-mooring and mooring capstans, anchor-mooring winches, simple and automatic mooring winches.
Windlasses and anchor-mooring capstans have drums (turrets) that are used for pulling out mooring cables. On ships that do not have a stern anchor device, a mooring capstan that does not have a chain drum is installed at the stern. The vertical location of the axis of rotation of the capstan mooring drum allows you to select moorings from any direction. Concave outer surface The drum can be smooth or have vertical velps - rounded ribs. Welps prevent the cable from sliding along the drum, however, due to kinks on them, the cable is damaged more quickly. Therefore, when widespread use on ships with synthetic cables that are subject to a lot of abrasion on rough surfaces, it is preferable to have capstans with smooth drums.
Anchor-mooring winches, installed on some ships instead of windlasses, are used in mooring operations in the same way as windlasses.
Rice. 5. Diagram of a simple mooring winch.
A simple mooring winch (Fig. 5) has an electric motor 1 with built-in disc brake. Rotation of the motor through a worm gearbox 2 transmitted to the intermediate shaft on which the gear is mounted 3 open spur gear and friction clutch 4. Through a large gear, rotation is transmitted to the working shaft with the mooring drum 9. A band brake is mounted on the drum disk 5 With manual drive. Switching the friction clutch on and off is done manually 6. Mooring rope 8 laid on the drum in even rows using a cable laying machine 7 .
An automatic mooring winch (Fig. 6) differs favorably from a simple one in that it can operate in manual and automatic modes. In manual mode, the winch is used to pull the vessel to the pier and to retrieve the released cables. After the mooring rope is pulled tight when pulling the vessel, it remains on the drum, and the winch is switched to automatic mode, for which the required mooring tension force is automatically set. If for any reason the load on the cable deviates from the set one, the winch automatically picks up or releases the mooring cable, ensuring a constantly specified tension.
Rice. 6. Diagram of an automatic mooring winch.
The length of the mooring cable that can be automatically released by the winch when the load exceeds the set one is limited. In this case, they proceed from the greatest possible changes in the position of the vessel relative to the berth. If, for example, during a strong squeezing wind, the cable tension exceeds the set value on the machine, then the winch releases the specified length of the cable, after which the machine will clamp the drum with a brake and a light or sound signal will turn on on the winch, indicating emergency mode her work. When choosing a limit for the permissible length of the mooring rope to be released, it is recommended to set the alarm in such a way that the signal turns on at the moment when the full first row of the rope remains on the drum. This installation will give time to eliminate the danger of completely releasing the mooring line.
Automatic winches are manufactured in two versions: with a mooring turret connected to the mooring drum by a release coupling, and without a turret. The latter are installed near the windlass and capstan.
Stoppers serve to hold mooring ropes when transferring them from the mooring mechanism drum to the bollards. They are chain, vegetable and synthetic. The chain stopper is a piece of rigging chain with a diameter of 10 mm, a length of 2-4 m, with a long link for fastening with a bracket to the deck butt at one end and a plant cable at least 1.5 m long at the other. The stopper for vegetable and synthetic cables is made of the same material as the cable, but half as thick.
Throwing ends are necessary for feeding mooring ropes to the shore when the ship approaches the pier. Throwing end- this is a vegetable line or a braided nylon cord 25 mm thick, 30-40 m long, with small fires embedded at the ends. One of them is used for attaching lightness - a small canvas bag tightly filled with sand and braided with skimushgar, the other - for the convenience of using the throwing end.
Fenders are designed to protect the ship's hull from damage when moored, parked at a pier or on board another ship. They are soft and hard.
Soft fenders are canvas bags tightly stuffed with elastic, non-deformable material (for example, cork chips) and braided with strands of plant rope. The fender has a fender with a thimble for attaching a plant cable to it, the length of which should be sufficient to fasten the fender overboard at low berths and the smallest draft.
Hard fenders - wooden blocks, suspended on cables from the side of the ship. To give such a fender elasticity, it is braided along its entire length with an old plant cable.
Mooring shackles used for fastening the mooring rope to the shore eye or the eye of the mooring barrel.
Mooring device designed for fastening a vessel to a berth, mooring barrels and beams, or to the side of another vessel.
The device includes: mooring ropes, bollards, fairleads, bale strips, rollers, views, mooring mechanisms,
as well as auxiliary devices - stoppers, throwing lines, fenders, mooring shackles.
, (mooring lines) can be steel, vegetable and synthetic. The number of mooring ropes on the ship, their length and thickness are determined by the Register Rules.
The main mooring ropes are supplied from the bow and stern ends of the vessel in certain directions, excluding. both the movement of the vessel along the pier and the departure from it.
Depending on the directions in which they are applied, mooring ropes got their name (Fig. 39). Cables 1 and 2, supplied from the bow and stern, keep the ship from moving along the pier and are called bow and stern longitudinal, respectively.
Cables 3 and 4 are called springs (bow and stern, respectively). The spring works in the direction opposite to its longitudinal end, and when paired with another spring, it performs the same work as the longitudinal ones.
Finally, cables 5 and 6, fed in a direction perpendicular to the pier, are called bow and stern clamps, respectively. They prevent the ship from leaving the berth in strong winds.
(Fig. 40) are cast or welded hollow vertical bollards installed on the deck and are used for fastening mooring cables. On transport ships, paired bollards with two steel or cast iron bollards on a common base are usually installed.
Bollards usually have bosses that hold the lower rope hoses, and caps that prevent the upper hoses from jumping off the bollard. Bollards with pedestals without bosses and bollards with a cross are also installed. The latter are convenient for attaching mooring cables directed from above at an angle to the deck.
Bollards are installed in the bow and stern of the vessel on both sides symmetrically. The bollards in the middle part of large-tonnage vessels are used mainly for mooring small watercraft to the side of the vessel. The bollards are securely attached to box-shaped foundations, closed on all sides, welded to the deck.
rice. 39 Mooring ropes
Sometimes transport ships are equipped with single-bollard bollards - bitings, which are used for towing. Bitens are massive pedestals, the bases of which are attached to the upper deck or passed through it and attached to one of the lower decks. To better hold the cable on the bits there are spreaders.
Special bollards with bollards rotating in bearings are of great convenience for mooring operations. equipped with a locking device. The mooring line fixed to the pier is placed in a figure of eight with two or three ropes on the bollard bollards, and then on the windlass head. When removing the cable, the bollards rotate and allow the cable to pass freely. At the right moment, remove the cable from the turret and place additional hoses on the bollard bollards. At the same time, the locking device keeps the cabinets from rotating.
rice. 40 Bollards
a - simple paired; b - steam rooms with tides; c - paired with a cross;
g - with rotating tables; d - biteng
rice. 41 Cluses
A - round shape; b - oval, c - oval with horns; g - Panamanian;
d - universal, e - universal rotary
Fairleads (Fig. 41) are devices through which mooring ropes are passed during mooring operations. They are steel or cast iron castings with round or oval holes bordering the same holes in the bulwark of the ship.
The working surface of the fairleads has smooth curves, eliminating sharp bends of the mooring cables. Fairleads are installed in the bulwarks with bolts or rivets.
To ensure mooring of small watercraft to the side of the ship, fairleaes may have tide horns. For the same purpose, in the immediate vicinity of the fairleads, cleats are welded to the bulwark or to its posts.
In places where railings are made instead of a bulwark, special fairleads are used, attached to the deck at the edge of the side. To supply mooring lines, towing fairleads, firmly attached to the bow visor and stern of the vessel, can be used, intended mainly for winding the towing rope.
Bale strips have the same purpose as mooring fairleads. They are usually installed in places where there is a railing, and are attached to the deck at the edge of the outer side.
(Fig. 42) are simple in design, with biting, with one or more rollers. To guide mooring lines supplied to high berths, high-speed vessels, etc., closed bale strips are used.
The most widely used are bale strips with rollers, the rotation of which while retrieving the cable significantly reduces friction and force on the mooring mechanism. To ensure the desired direction of the cable from the bale strip to the windlass turret, guide rollers are installed on the deck.
rice. 42 Bale strips
a - simple, b - with biting, c - with one roller; g - with two rollers;
d - with three rollers, e - closed with two rollers
Views are designed for storing mooring ropes. They have locking devices. Views are installed in the bow and stern parts of the vessel, not too far from the bollards.
Stoppers serve to hold mooring ropes when transferring them from the mooring mechanism drum to the bollards. Stoppers can be chain, vegetable or synthetic.
The chain stopper is a piece of rigging chain with a diameter of 10 mm, a length of 2-4 m, with a long link for fastening with a bracket to the deck butt at one end and a plant cable at least 1.5 m long at the other. Stoppers for vegetable and synthetic cables are made of the same material as the cable, but half as thick.
Throwing ends serve as a conductor for supplying mooring ropes to the shore when the vessel approaches the pier. The throwing end is a plant line or a braided nylon cord with a diameter of 25 mm and a length of 30 - 40 m with small fires embedded at the ends. One of them is used for attaching lightness - a small canvas bag tightly filled with sand and braided with skimushgar, the other - for the convenience of using the throwing end.
The throwing end, made from a new plant rope, is pre-stretched so that pegs do not form on it. To do this, a cable soaked in salt water is pulled between two vertical posts and a load is suspended from its middle.
Fenders are designed to protect the ship's hull from damage when moored, parked at a pier or alongside another ship. They are soft and hard.
Soft fenders are canvas bags tightly stuffed with some elastic, non-deformable material (for example, cork chips) and braided with strands of plant rope.
The fender has a firewall with a thimble for attaching a plant cable to it, the length of which should ensure that the fender is secured overboard at low berths and the smallest draft.
Hard fenders are wooden blocks (logs) up to 2 m long, suspended on cables from the side of the vessel. To give the fender elasticity, it is braided along its entire length with an old plant rope. When the vessel is moored at the berth, rigid fenders are suspended horizontally so that the fender rests on at least two adjacent frames.
Mooring shackles are used for fastening the mooring rope to the shore eye or the eye of the mooring barrel. To avoid deformation of the shackle or its pin when the mooring cable is under strong tension, it is recommended to place the shackle not directly behind the eye and eye of the cable, but as shown in Fig. 43.
The mooring device is used to moor the vessel to the pier while it is moored in a port or shipyard. The ship is moored to the shore using mooring lines that extend diagonally from the ship to the shore. Previously, they were made from plant fibers (hemp, sisal, etc.), but nowadays they are made from various synthetic materials.
Towing and mooring device (general view)
1 - aft longitudinal mooring lines; 2 - bow longitudinal mooring lines; 3 - aft clamping moorings; 4 - nasal spring; 5 - stern spring; 6 - bale strip; 7 - bollard; 8 - towing bollards; 9 - mooring capstan; 10 - mooring bale plate with three rollers; 11 - ordinary bale strip; 12 - mooring fairlead; 13 - mooring views.
Mooring ropes are thrown onto the pier from a ship approaching the shore. At their ends there are loops with braiding, which are put on mooring poles located on the shore of a port or shipyard. The free end of the mooring cable is laid on the side turret of the anchor winch or on the drum of the anchor capstan (mooring capstan), and the vessel is pulled towards the shore. Upon completion of mooring, the cables are laid around the mooring bollards and secured.
Fairleads, bale strips and bollards
a - mooring hawse; b - mooring hawse; c - duck; d - an ordinary bale strip with a guide roller; e - double bollard; f - double cross bollard.
Both mooring ropes and springs pass through special holes in the bulwark. To facilitate the passage of cables, the side surfaces of the fairleads and bale strips are polished and have a special shape; sometimes they are also equipped with rollers.
Mooring capstan
1 - capstan drum; 2 - engine; 3 - chain sprocket; 4 - gearbox.
