Travel time on the Moscow Central Circle between stations. Scheme of the MCC with interchange hubs for suburban transport. The Moscow Central Circle will breathe life into abandoned areas around
TASS-DOSSIER /Valery Korneev/. On September 10, passenger traffic opens in Moscow on the Moscow Central Circle (MCC), an intracity ring line of passenger electric trains that uses the infrastructure of the Small Ring of the Moscow Railway (MK MZD).
The line is integrated with the Moscow metro (in the metro system it is assigned the number 14) and radial railway lines.
Stations and transfers
The total length of the Moscow Central Circle is 54 km. A total of 31 passenger platforms have been built on the MCC. It is expected that 26 platforms will open for passenger traffic on September 10, 2016, the remaining 5 by the end of 2016.
Transfers to the Moscow Metro lines are planned from 17 stations. Five transfers to metro stations from the very beginning will be carried out “in a warm circuit” (without going outside): to “Kutuzovskaya”, “Delovoy Tsentr”, “Vladykino”, Cherkizovskaya” and “Leninsky Prospekt”. In 2016, after the opening station "Shelepikha" of the Third Interchange Circuit, transport interchange hubs will be built that will provide transitions "in the warm circuit" at the metro station "Partizanskaya", " Botanical Garden", "Rokossovsky Boulevard", as well as the Nizhegorodskaya and Okruzhnaya stations under construction.
At other stations, you will need to go outside to transfer: for example, a transfer from the Baltiyskaya MCC station to the Voykovskaya metro station will take about 12 minutes.
In 2016, five transfers to electric trains in five directions will operate - Kazansky, Leningradsky, Belorussky, Yaroslavsky and Smolensky. Four more transfers - to Paveletskoye, Rizhskoye, Kursk, Gorky directions - will open in the coming years after the existing platforms are moved. The only direction of commuter trains with which transfers are not provided is Kyiv.
Also, transfers to 273 ground public transport routes will be organized from MCC stations.
Fare
During the first month of operation of the MCC (until October 10, 2016), travel along the ring will be free for passengers.
In the future, travel will be carried out using travel tickets and transport cards ("Unified", "90 minutes", "Troika") in accordance with metro tariffs while maintaining all existing social benefits.
At the same time, with a ticket for one trip it will be possible to make a triple transfer: metro - MCC - metro.
Operating hours, intervals
Opening hours - from 05.30 to 01.00 - coincide with the schedule of the capital's metro.
6 minutes - intervals during rush hours, 11-15 minutes - at other times. As the demand for the line increases, the intervals may decrease.
A circular drive around the entire ring will take 75-85 minutes.
Rolling stock
Every day, 30 five-car ES2G Lastochka trains (Siemens Desiro RUS), manufactured at the Ural Railway Engineering Plant, will operate on the MCC. Three more trains will be in reserve. Maintenance trains will be operated by Siemens (under an agreement concluded at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum in 2015) at the Podmoskovnoye depot, located in the Moscow districts of Sokol and Airport.
Each train can accommodate 1,200 passengers; Lastochka can also carry up to 12 bicycles. The trains are equipped with climate control systems, toilets, 220 V sockets and Wi-Fi. The doors will open with buttons at the request of passengers.
The maximum design speed of the Lastochka is 160 km/h. However, on the MCC, due to frequent stops, trains will only be able to reach a speed of 80 km/h. The average route speed will be about 40 km/h.
In total, up to 134 pairs of trains will run on the MCC per day.
Project cost
The MCC construction budget is 130.3 billion rubles. In total, 74.8 billion rubles were allocated from the federal budget, investments from the Moscow government amounted to 15.5 billion rubles. Another about 40 billion rubles. private investors will invest in the construction of transport hubs.
Freight traffic
Freight traffic on the line will continue at reduced volumes only at night. Currently there are 12 operating freight stations on the ring.
MCC goals
The main goal of the project is to relieve congestion at railway stations, central parts of metro lines and create new short routes. The Moscow General Plan Institute expects that the introduction of the MCC will reduce passenger traffic on the Sokolnicheskaya metro line by 20%, on the Circle Line by 15%, on Lyublinskaya by 14%, on Filevskaya by 12%, on Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya by 18% and Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya - by 5%.
The load at Kazansky station will decrease by 30%, at Kursky - by 40%, at Yaroslavsky - by 20%, at Rizhsky - by 30%, at Leningradsky - by 20%.
It is planned that by September 2017 Moscow central ring will carry 75 million passengers, 34.5 million of whom will use the road to transfer from the metro, 20.2 million from electric trains, 12.7 million from ground urban transport, and 7.5 million will be citizens living next to the MCC.
By 2025, the MCC is expected to transport 300 million passengers a year, and the line itself will create up to 40 thousand new jobs after the development of the areas closest to the stations.
MCC section on the official website of the Moscow Metro -
In Moscow, work is being completed to put the Moscow Ring Railway stations into operation. Movement will start along the updated small ring in next year. Several facilities have already been integrated into the city's transport infrastructure. It is assumed that the road will become one with the capital's subway. This information was voiced by the deputy head of the transport department, Hamid Bulatov. According to the official, passengers themselves will not even feel the difference, because they will be able to use a single ticket.
The Moscow Ring Railway will include 31 stops, of which a full-fledged transport interchange network will operate at 21 points, and at 17 stop pavilions passengers will be able to switch to the usual line. At 9 stops, it is possible to transfer to all existing routes of suburban trains, except Kyiv. The small ring of the MKZ will significantly reduce all flows of metro lines and will provide the ability to deliver passengers to the main metropolitan highways.
Moscow Ring Road scheme
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The Moscow ring railway stations will be added to the metro map in September 2016. A map may also appear showing radial directions. railway tracks, such an innovation does not rule out the director of the Moscow Ring Railway, Alexey Zotov.
According to preliminary estimates, the planned passenger flow of the Moscow ring in 2017 will be 75 million people, and by 2020 it will increase 2.3 times to 170 million passengers. The interval in the movement of railway transport will depend on the demand among citizens. If the Moscow Ring Railway becomes popular with passengers, the interval is planned to be reduced to two minutes.
The Moscow Central Ring MCC is a global and largest recent years a project related to urban planning in Moscow. The Moscow Central Ring MCC is another type of public transport in Moscow. The MCC is called the road of the future, capable of inhaling new life to industrial areas of Moscow.The Moscow Central Ring is an urban ring railway that will connect the capital's subway, railway and ground transport in Moscow into a single transport system. An important function of the MCC will be to relieve the burden on public transport, in particular the metro. There is a version that the construction of the MCC is an alternative to the construction of another ring metro line. It has already been calculated that with the full implementation of the MCC system, the average Muscovite will reduce the average travel time to work by twenty minutes. Some routes will become highly optimized. For example, from the Vladykino metro station to the Botanical Garden station you now need to travel ten stations and make two transfers. new system- it will be one stop and the travel time will be three minutes. There are many such examples.
Moscow Central Circle photo:
Over time, at seventeen stations it will be possible to change to the metro, at thirty-one stations - to ground transport (bus), and transitions at ten stations will also allow you to change to commuter trains. Moreover, by 2018, all transitions will be classified as “dry feet”, that is, there will be no need to go outside to transfer. Even numbers are given: the average time for a transfer will be twelve minutes, and the minimum will be only thirty seconds.
History of the Moscow Central Circle
At the beginning of the 20th century, on the orders of the Tsar (Nicholas II), the Okruzhnaya was built around Moscow. railway. The task at that time was to establish uninterrupted and timely movement of cargo flows, because the main burden of transporting goods throughout the city districts at that time fell on ordinary cab drivers who ran from stations throughout Moscow. Radial railway lines did not solve the problem of constantly increasing freight traffic, and on the railways of that time, freight trains were forced to stand in line for several hours. During the design and construction, a unified design format for the buildings of the stations of the Circular Railway was even developed; everything looked very decent and fit into general style cities. The construction was personally supervised by the Moscow Governor General. The circular railway was used to transport goods; the passengers were mainly workers from adjacent factories. Since 1934, the Circular Railway began to be used only for the transportation of goods. Gradually, entire industrial zones formed around the railway, some of them in lately used as warehouses or rented out for a variety of purposes. The general condition of Moscow industrial zones was also not satisfactory. The launch of traffic along the Moscow Central Circle will also stimulate the development of many former industrial zones; they will be integrated into the overall architectural and economic system of the city.
Where is the Moscow Central Circle?
Moscow is becoming closer to remote areas. The MCC passes through twenty-six districts of Moscow. In some areas where there is no metro, new MCC stations will appear - Khoroshevo-Mnevniki, Kotlovka, Beskudnikovsky, Koptevo, Nizhegorodsky, Metrogorodok. In addition, the Moscow Central Ring covers the so-called academic ring on which famous universities of the capital are located.
Moscow Central Circle diagram
On September 10, 2016, Moscow City Day, the first stage of the launch of the Moscow Central Circle took place. Our President was the first passenger. The first stage of the MCC has opened - twenty-six stations, at ten of them you can change to the metro. By the end of the year, the plan is to launch the second stage and seven more stations. There will be thirty-one stations in total. Commercial real estate, shops, cafes, and shopping complexes will appear in the nearest industrial zones. The MCC will be designated on the Moscow metro map as the 14th metro line.
Among the unusual things, passengers will see trees, phone chargers, and benches. Entrance is through the turnstiles, it is possible to enter with a bank card.
High-speed Lastochka trains will run on the MCC. Each train has five cars. The average wait time is six minutes. For comfortable travel, all trains will have toilets, sockets, Wi-Fi, an air conditioning system, video cameras, and ramps for passengers with limited mobility. Special mounts for bicycles are also provided. To open the carriage door for entry and exit, passengers will need to press a button that is active after the movement has completely stopped.
About financing of the Moscow Central Circle MCC project
Half of the funds for the construction and reorganization of the Moscow Railway were allocated from the federal budget, the second half from the Moscow treasury.
To attract Muscovites and city guests to use the new type of public transport, the Moscow authorities made free travel on the Moscow Central Circle for one month from September 10, 2016. This action is intended to show and prove the convenience and efficiency of the new road system.
Moscow Central Circle tolls
Travel along the Moscow Central Circle should be economical, namely: without transfers to other types of transport - there is a one-time payment. If the journey is combined with the metro, then, suppose, the passenger pays for the passage when entering the metro, then pays nothing - transfers to one of the MCC stations, then again pays nothing, returns to the metro and goes out into the city. There is some clarification. When entering the metro for the second time, you just need to attach the ticket used at the first entry to the turnstile; if less than ninety minutes have passed since the first entry, you do not need to pay; if more, sorry, but here you will have to pay for entry again.
Moscow Central Circle, what are the rates and what about tickets? The MCC tariff system will be identical to the metro. Metro tickets, which can be used according to the above scheme, must be purchased no earlier than September 1, 2016. If the travel ticket was purchased earlier, it must be reprogrammed at the metro ticket office. People on the subway talk about this all the time now. The most hassle-free way is to use the “TROIKA” card; there is no need to restart or reconfigure anything. Possibility of use bank card They promise by the end of 2016 with the launch of the second stage.
About pleasant things
During the first free month - for sure, then - it is still unknown, but MCC passengers, sitting in comfortable chairs, will be able to listen to the story of the electronic guide about the history of the MCC and the sights of the city that flash outside the window.Consolidation of all types of public urban transport in unified system in Moscow - this is the only example in Russia so far. But it is far from the only one in the world. In particular, many cite as an example a similar system in Berlin, Barcelona and others European cities. The unified and coordinated public transport scheme "MCC Scheme" is already included in the new Moscow metro scheme.
What is known about one of the largest transport projects in Russia
On September 10, City Day, Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin launched traffic on the Moscow Central Circle (MCC). More than 100 billion rubles have been invested in one of the most ambitious Russian transport projects, but much has not yet been completed. RBC presents a dossier on MCC
High-speed electric train "Lastochka" at a test run along the MCC, September 2, 2016 (Photo: Oleg Yakovlev / RBC)
1. What we launched
On City Day, the Moscow Central Circle, a 54 km long urban railway, accepted passengers for the first time. There will be a total of 31 stations on the MCC (the exact name is transport hub, TPU). 17 of them will be connected to metro stations, including at 11 stations covered galleries will be built from the MCC to the metro; The mayor's office calls such crossings “dry feet.” There will be nine transfer points from the MCC to commuter trains (without integration with the ring, only the Kiev commuter line will remain). During rush hour, trains will appear at stations every six minutes, usual time- once every 11-15 minutes; The train will make a full circle in an hour and a half. The boards on the platforms will show the arrival time of the next train. They promise to install ports for charging gadgets at the stations.
After the launch of the Russian Railways project, the entire railway infrastructure will be transferred, and the city will delegate the ownership of platforms and transport hubs (TPU) to the State Unitary Enterprise "Moscow Metro". In the first month of operation of the MCC, travel on it will be free, then it will be possible to enter the MCC station using cards common to Moscow public transport.
Construction of an indoor gallery from the MCC to the Vladykino metro station; at the mayor’s office such crossings are called “dry feet”, July 2016 (Photo: Oleg Yakovlev / RBC)
2. Who came up with it?
The Moscow Circular Railway, connecting industrial zones on the outskirts of Moscow, began to be built in 1902. It was launched in 1908, later than planned, because due to Russo-Japanese War there were interruptions in funding. Freight transport was mainly carried out along the Moscow Railway. There were also passenger trains, but in 1934, with the development of tram traffic in the city and the start of construction of the metro, the ring was closed to people.
With the removal of most factories outside of Moscow, this freight route became unnecessary. At the end of 2007, Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov and Russian Railways President Vladimir Yakunin signed an agreement to work on a project to repurpose the freight ring into a passenger line. It was planned that all work would be completed in 2010-2011. The deadlines were postponed several times. Construction actually began in 2012.
3. What will the trains be like?
About 30 trains will run along the MCC. “Swallows”, developed by Siemens at the request of Russian Railways for transporting passengers during Winter Games 2014 in Sochi. The current head of the Moscow Metro, Dmitry Pegov, led the project to launch Lastochka in Sochi when he worked for Russian Railways.
The train has five carriages (with the possibility of expanding to ten). All “Swallows” for the capital’s ring will be equipped with Wi-Fi and air conditioning; there will be special places for bicycles, which, unlike the metro along the MCC, can be transported unassembled. Each “Swallow” will have two toilets.
High-speed electric train "Lastochka" in the operational depot, November 2015 (Photo: Sergey Gusev)
4. How much did you spend?
By the time the MCC was launched, more than 100 billion rubles had been spent on the project. The main investor was JSC Russian Railways: the state-owned company invested 74 billion rubles in the construction of railway infrastructure. (they planned to spend 54 billion rubles, but the demolition of facilities and the transfer of communications was unexpectedly expensive, a source well familiar with the construction of the MCC told RBC).
The Moscow government spent 19 billion rubles. for the construction of 31 ring stations and their integration with metro stations. Another 10.6 billion rubles. spent on the reconstruction of overpasses (the most expensive was the Volokolamsk overpass, it cost 5 billion rubles - the authorities also had to change the windows in those closest to the overpass residential buildings for noise protection).
The city will annually pay Russian Railways 3.8 billion rubles. for transport services for passengers on the new ring. The parties have already entered into a 15-year contract.
Luzhniki station, July 2016 (Photo: Oleg Yakovlev / RBC)
In the approved project, commercial facilities - shopping and business centers, hotels - were to be built near 11 transport hubs using investors' funds. Owned by the Moscow government management company OJSC "MKR" must register property rights to its own subsidiaries land plots for commercial construction and then auctioned off to investors.
By the time traffic around the ring was launched, only one such section went under the hammer: for 1.14 billion rubles. GC "Pioneer" received a 100 percent stake in LLC "Botanical Garden" and the right to develop the territory near the transport hub "Botanical Garden". The company that is implementing the residential project “LIFE - Botanical Garden” nearby is planning to build a shopping and office center and an apart-hotel there.
“All other sites for the construction of transport hubs will be implemented during 2016-2017. We expect to earn at these auctions a minimum of 14 billion rubles, a maximum of 19 billion rubles, depending on the market situation. That is, we will return almost all the funds that the city invested in the construction of the technological part of the stations,” says RBC’s interlocutor at the Moscow City Hall, adding that the construction of the transport hub will give impetus to the development of the territories around the MCC by developers. According to RBC's interlocutor, by the end of 2016 it is planned to put up for auction four or five objects, the rest - next year.
Construction of the Botanical Garden station, July 2016 (Photo: Oleg Yakovlev / RBC)
6. What will a new ring give?
“By 2020, when all projects for integration with the metro and trains are completed, projects for shopping and office centers are implemented, we plan that passenger traffic will amount to 300 million people a year,” a source told RBC in the Moscow mayor’s office, adding that the same number of passengers per year carried by the existing Circle Line of the metro. In the meantime, the new ring will transport about 75 million people a year, the mayor’s office calculated.
The launch of the MCC will relieve congestion on the metro, especially in the center, and will increase accessibility to a number of areas where there were no metro stations until now, the mayor’s office is confident. The head of the capital's Construction Complex, Marat Khusnullin, shared estimates that the busy Circle metro line will become 15% freer - people will not have to travel from the outskirts to the center to change to the Circle line. The MCC website provides calculations: the trip for the average metro passenger will be 20 minutes shorter.
Researcher at the Institute of Transport Economics and Transport Policy at the National Research University Higher School of Economics Egor Muleyev emphasizes the ambiguity of such calculations: according to him, the benefits of launching the MCC are like bicycle paths in Moscow: for some it will really make it easier to travel, but for many it will not change anything.
“The ring is inserted without full-fledged transfer nodes. I strongly doubt that even in the coming years it will be in demand by passengers to the extent that the authorities are counting on,” says Pavel Zyuzin, a senior researcher at the Center for Research on Transport Problems in Megacities at the Higher School of Economics. — There are questions regarding transfers on many radii. They are located at a distance of 500-700 m from the MCC stations.”
Ride-and-ride parking will appear near four MCC stations this year (Photo: Oleg Yakovlev / RBC)
However, according to the expert, the new ring will be very useful for residents of certain areas of Moscow. “On the Yaroslavskoe highway in the direction of Bogorodskoye and Lefortovo, it will ease the situation. It will relieve some of the northwestern sectors, Koptevo and other areas,” the expert lists. — But as for the south, here the MCC is very close to Circle line metro, and the difference between them is small.” Also, the launch of the MCC, in his opinion, will make routes easier for residents of certain cities in the Moscow region, especially for passengers traveling from Mytishchi and Korolev.
What we didn't have time to do
By the day of the official launch of the MCC, the builders did not have time to prepare seven stations for operation. Their list was published by TASS, citing a source in the Moscow government. The first trains of the ring will pass without stopping “Koptevo”, “Panfilovskaya”, “Sorge”, “Khoroshevo”, “Izmailovo”, “Andronovka” and “Dubrovka”. RBC confirmed this information own source in the project management company OJSC Moscow Ring Railway.
A month and a half before City Day, a high-ranking RBC source in the Moscow government claimed that “at launch, all infrastructure will be ready, all platforms at 31 stopping points.” “This is a must-have, and there is no doubt that it will be ready for launch,” RBC’s interlocutor assured. However, on September 2, First Deputy Head of the Department of Transport Gamid Bulatov told reporters that the opening of seven MCC stations on the day of the start of traffic on the ring “is in question,” promising that a week before the grand opening it would be announced full list stations that will begin operating immediately.
But the official list of completed stations was not announced on Thursday, when less than two days remained before the ceremony. RBC's source at the Moscow Ring Railway OJSC reported that the final decision on the number of stations that will be available to passengers on the first day of operation of the MCC will be made only a day before the opening of the ring. At the same time, the interlocutor said that seven out of 31 stations “definitely won’t open,” and about two more “there are doubts.” “We didn’t have time, not everything has been installed yet.” necessary equipment. Maybe we’ll open 24 stations at once, and then close two for a while for finishing touches,” a RBC source at the Moscow Circle Railway told RBC, adding that by the end of the year, “all MCC stations will definitely be accessible to passengers.”
Most of the indoor galleries are not ready for transition to platforms for metro trains and three transfer points from the MCC to the metro. But these facilities, unlike the stations themselves, were initially planned to be built after the launch of traffic on the MCC.
Which trains won't go?
Initially, other trains with a bird's name - "Orioles" - were supposed to run on the MCC. Tender for organizing the movement of electric trains along the Moscow Circle for 15 years for 57 billion rubles. The winner was the company TsPPK, an operator of commuter trains, co-owned by the vice-mayor of Moscow and head of the transport department Maxim Liksutov. In an interview with RBC, Liksutov stated that CPPC won the tender due to a more favorable offer for Moscow, and insisted that he himself, after moving to the civil service, did not monitor the business of his former companies. “Three companies took part in the competition, including Russian Railways themselves, which offered less favorable conditions for the city and therefore lost,” Liksutov explained to RBC in February 2015.
The TsPPK company planned to conclude a contract with Transmashholding (the company’s co-owners are Iskander Makhmudov and Andrey Bokarev; until 2011, Liksutov was also a co-owner of this company) for the production of Ivolga electric trains. The trains were positioned as competitors to the “Swallows”, while being entirely made from domestic materials and 40-50% cheaper.
But Ivolga was unable to pass certification, and without it it was impossible to deliver trains of this model to the MCC. A representative of JSC VNIIZhT, which is testing the prototype Ivolga, refused to tell RBC why the train was not certified.
In January 2016 - a few months after Oleg Belozerov became the head of Russian Railways instead of Vladimir Yakunin - it turned out that the rights to service passengers and the 56 billion contract would also go to Russian Railways. As a source in Russian Railways explains, Oleg Belozerov considered the situation unfair for Russian Railways: “It turned out that the state built with its own money the entire infrastructure on which Liksutov’s business partners would earn money, who would supply trains and receive money for transportation. In mid-January 2016, TsPPK unexpectedly decided to assign the contract for transport services to Russian Railways.”
City electric train EG2TV "Ivolga" (Photo: Sergey Fadeichev/TASS)
CPPC General Director Mikhail Khromov said that the initiators of the assignment of the agreement were Russian Railways and city authorities - “they were convincing enough for us to agree.” Officially, Russian Railways also admit that they received the contract after “multilateral consultations with the participation of the Moscow government.” Now Russian Railways will transport MCC passengers on their Lastochkas.
RBC's source in the Moscow government, however, claims that the Orioles can still return to the project. “If the Ivolga passes certification, then Russian Railways will be able to replace the Lastochka with it,” says RBC’s interlocutor. — It is not stated in our contract that for all 15 years there will be only “Swallow”. In my opinion, this is a question of the efficiency of rolling stock, cost of maintenance, etc.”
In the end, TsPPK only received a contract for 2.1 billion rubles. to organize the sale of tickets and the work of controllers for a period of four years. However, the ticket system of the new ring will also be fully integrated into the system of urban, rather than suburban, transport, which is the specialty of the Center for Transport.
SaveMOSLENTA has three new metro maps at its disposal, on which the MCC is marked and information about the distance between stations, transfer times and much more is written. Citizens spoke in favor of adding this data. Cards will soon begin to be posted - the MCC launches on September 10. In the meantime, we have the opportunity to be the first to evaluate to what extent the wishes of future passengers of the ring have been fulfilled.
Maps are clickable.
Schemes
On the first map, which will hang in metro lobbies, on the side of the line diagram, the stages of opening MCC stations and everything about the stages of opening stations, train schedules and transfer times to other types of transport are described:
The second version of the map includes railway stations and helps you navigate when transferring to trains:
The third version of the diagram contains the most complete information about the routes ground transport, to which you can transfer from the MCC station:
Previously, a vote was held on the Unified Transport Portal to select objects that may appear on the new metro scheme. The most voted were transfers from the MCC to the metro, indicating the distance between stations or transfer time, data on transfers to commuter trains, as well as information about nearby parks and bike paths.
Users also suggested adding information to the diagrams about intercepting parking lots, stations adapted for the passage of passengers with limited mobility, and ground transfers in the so-called warm circuit(when you don't have to go outside).
There will be 31 stations on the MCC, from each of which it will be possible to transfer to ground urban passenger transport. At the same time, at 17 stations there will be a transfer to the metro, and at 10 - to commuter trains. On the metro map, the MCC will be indicated in white with a red outline.
First month free
Travel along the Moscow Central Circle will be free in the first month from the date of its launch, Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin said on Twitter. During this month, the authorities expect to collect suggestions and comments from Muscovites regarding the operation of the ring and correct any shortcomings that have arisen.
We remind you that the MCC and the metro will have a single tariff menu: the cost of travel both in the subway and along the Central Circle will be the same. Within an hour and a half, transfers from the MCC to the metro will be free. However, for this, already purchased travel tickets will need to be reissued at the box office.
